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4. Um eine Art und Weiſe auszudrücken. In travelling by land there is a continuity of scene. W. Irv. Skb. 4. The present ministry are as singularly marked by their fortune as their crimes. Junius. L. 30, 128. He presently returned ushering in, by the name of Mr. Bonnet a pale gentleman. Dick. N. N. I, 2, 11. They don't know it by that name in these parts. Ib. 7, 83. He learns his wisdom not by flight of birds. Chapman's Alph. 61, 44.

5. Beim Paſſiv vertritt es das lateiniſche a und das franz. par. Nothing could be more gracefully majestic than his step and manner had they not been marked by a predominant air of haughtiness easily acquired by the exercise of unresisted authority. Scott. Jvh. 4, 32. You may perhaps hear the cunning and promise breaking of King Henry I called policy by some and diplomary by others, Dick. A ch's H. of E. 10, 102. It was soon broken by King Edward's favoring the cause of John. Ib. 18, 230. He ordered the declaration of the rebels to be burned by the hangman. Mac. H. of. E. 5, 149.

6. Bei Beſchwörungen. By the bones of Thomas a Becket. Scott. Jvh. 25, 235. By our Lady of Bethlehem. Ib. 236. 1 conjure thee, by the habit which thou dost wear, by the name thou dost inherit. Ib. 37, 391.

Zu den unter 3, 4 und 5 erwähnten Bedeutungen von by gehören auch folgende jüngere dem Franzöſiſchen nachgebildete Verbindungen an: by dint, by means, by way, by reason und by virtue und ebenſo das zu einem Wort verſchmolzene because. Sie verbinden ſich vor einem Subſtantiv noch mit der Präp. of.

By dint of entſpricht dem franz. à force de oder en vigueur de. lat. vigore, nhd. kraft, inkraft, ſchwed. i kraft af det. Das Wort dint agſ. dynt bedeutet ictus.

Isaac recalled to think of his worldly gods, the love of which by dint of inveterate habit contended even with his pDarental affection. Scott. Jvh. 33, 339. He resolved to banish them from his thoughts by dint of hard walking. Dick. N. N. I. 14, 199. By dint of these encouragements he was persuaded to move. Ib. 23, 308. Which was fished up by dint of much exertion. Ib. 24, 233.

By means of nach den franz. au moyen de gebildet drückt eine Vermittelung oder Veran⸗ laſſung aus. The old law of England treated the false witness, who had caused death by means of perjury as a murderer. Mac. H. of E. 4, 58. Others avenged themselves... by means of the presses of Holland, England and Germany. Ib. 6, 250. But if, by means of charms and spells, Satan had obtained dominion over the knight. Scott. Jvyh. 37, 382. The young lady and gentleman were occupied in the adjusting of some youthful differences by means of a pugilistic contest across the table. Dick. N. N. I. 7, 106. He was urging his animal forward by means of a thick ashstick. Ib. 13, 168.

By reason of franz. par raison de drückt einen Grund im Allgemeinen aus. As doth a ruler with unlawful oaths: Or one that at a triumph having vow'd To try his strength, forsaketh yet the list By reason of his adversary's odds. Sh. I. H. VI. 5, 5.

By virtue of franz. en vertu de bezeichnet ein Mittel oder eine Veranlaſſung, in Folge der dem Gegenſtande innewohnenden Kraft. But the jester, who could presume upon Cedric's

tolerance, by virtue of his privileges as a fool, replied for them. Scott. Jvh. 4, 34. 3*