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her, and she felt less heat. Uncl. T's cab. II. 6, 63. I even went a step beyond Whiston in displaying my principles. Vic. of W. 2, 5.
4. In adverbialen Verbindungen ſteht es oft auch. Solche Verbindungen ſind: beyond control; beyond description; b. doubt; b. measure; b. reach; b. my patience(power); do not venture beyond your depth; the wall beyond; to go beyond für deceive.
By iſt aus den agſ. Präp. bé, bi, bie und bi entſtanden. Im Goth. lautete dieſelbe Präp. bi; ahd. pi, bi, bi und béô; zuweilen auch pa und ba; mhd. be und bi; nhd. be und bei; altfrieſ. bi und hi; den ſkandinaviſchen Sprachen iſt es fremd. Es iſt wahrſcheinlich von einer alten Form gebildet, die nach dem ſkr. abhi und gr. exi mit vokaliſchem Anlaut gebildet war. Das ſlav. und lith. po und pi— dialectiſch pi— ſind wohl auf ähnliche Weiſe entſtanden. Vergl. pod mit apud*). Im Holländiſchen haben wir bij, welches jedoch nicht allen Bedeutuugen von by entſpricht.
Das Gebiet von by iſt ſehr groß. cf. Mätzner. I. c. 2, 415. ff. Es entſpricht den lat. Präp. juxto, ad, in, de, zuweilen auch secundum, per und a dem gr. zard, xsei und xad. In den romaniſchen Sprachen wird es durch verſchiedene aus dem Lat. hergeleitete Präpoſitionen vertreten. Es ſteht: 8
1. räumlich. A great stone that I happened to find... by the sea shore served me for an anchor. Swift. Gull. I, 8, 103. Where is the shy glance of love more sweetly eloquent than by the winter-fireside. W. Irv. Skb. 174. Her two little ones were to be Cupids by her side. Vic. of W. 16, 61. His peers and people were determined to stand by him with life and fortune against all his enemies. Mac. H. of E. 5, 149. Lie down Lorenzo, I will sit by thee. Chapman's Alph. I. 1, 46. Urfried had employed her services... by the bedside of the wounded. Scott. Ivh. 26, 250. They hold no more by me than a withered leaf. Ib. 34, 351. We lose place by place, foot by foot before the infidels. Ib. 35, 368. I cannot think the damsel meant harm by me. Ib. 37, 386.
2. Zeitlich. And that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man. Dick. A ch's H. of E. 8, 67. My father turned me into the world when I wasn't as old as that boy by a year and a half. Dick. N. N. I. 3, 28. A gloomy heath, lonely by day, and scarcely to be thought of by honest folk at night. Ib. 32. By the time he found a man to carry his box. Ib. 5, 48. Lättle by little and bit by bit, and day by day, and year by year the baron got the worst. Ib. 6, 76.
3. Als Mittel und Veranlaſſung. His shaven crown concealed by a scarlet cap und weiter this cap no longer invested his brows which were only shaded by short and thick curled hair. Scott. Jvh. 4, 32. The king was now relieved from any remaining fears of William Fitz Robert, by his death. Dick. A ch's H. of E. 10, 102. He grasped it by the hair and ears. Ib. 12, 128. He propossd to settle the difference by single combat with him or by a fight of one hundred knights on each side. Ib. 18, 230. P'll shew you forty very dull fellows about town that live by it in opulence. Vic. of W. 20. 83. For it was a law which, not by circuitous, but by direct operation adds to the security. Mac. H. of E. 5, 238.
*) Grimm 1. c. 3, 254.