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18 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE. Panr I.' ore each of the extremes.‘‘ I remember,”’ says he,“that many have erred in this point, geste oe

as these most excellent men did, L. Lucullus and Q. Scexvola, one of whom built a villa much larger, and the other much less than the farm required.”’(Col. lib. i. cap. 4.)

78. Pliny, noticing this remark of Cato’s, observes that Lucullus had thereby rendered himself liable to the chastisement of the censors, having less occasion to plough his lands than to clean his house. “ Tn this case,” says he,“ to plough less than to sweep, was a foundation for the chastisement of the censors.”’(Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xviii. cap. 6.)

79. Proportion the expence of the building to the rent, or the profits arising from the farm.‘ An edifice should be built according to the value of the farm and fortune of the master, which, immoderately undertaken, it is commonly more difficult to sup- port than to build. The largeness of it should be so estimated, that, if any thing shall happen to destroy it, it may be rebuilt by one, or at most by two years’ rent or profits of the farm in which it is placed.”’(Pal. lib. i. tit. 8.)

80. The position of the villa, and the situation of its different parts, are also noticed by some of these authors.< Some art,”’ says Pliny,‘is required in this. C. Marius, of a very mean family, seven times consul, placed a villa in the lands of Misenum, with such skill in the contrivance, that Sylla Felix said, that all others in this respect were blind, when compared to him.”(Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xviii. cap. 7.) All of them advise that it shall not be placed near a marsh, nor fronting a river. Pliny cites the authority of Homer for this., Varro says, that such a situation is cold in winter and unhealthful in summer; that, in such a place, there are many small insects that, though invisible, enter the body at the mouth and nostrils, and occasion diseases.(Var. de R. R. lib. i. tit. 12.) Palladius gives reasons of the same kind.(Pal. lib. i. tit. 7.) Besides this, Varro directs, that, rf possible, it shall be placed at the foot of a mountain covered with woods, in such a manner as to be exposed to the most healthful winds, and to enjoy the sun in winter and the shade in summer. An east exposure, he thinks, is the best for this purpose.(Var. de R.R. lib. i. cap. 12.) Palladius proposes, that for the same purpose, the villa shall front the south-east; that the pretorium, or master’s house, shall be a little higher than the rest of the villa, both to secure the foundations, and to have a more agreeable pros-

pect.(Pal. lib.i. tit. 8.) It is probable that both these authors have Italy particularly FA

in view. But Pliny extends his views further; for he says, that the villa in warm hg

climates ought to front the north, in cold climates the south, and in temperate climates=

the east.(Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xviii. cap. 7.) Columella is more particular than any of

the other authors, both in giving directions as to the situation of the villa, and giving I

reasons for the situation he recommends.(Col. lib. 1. cap. 5.)|| 81. The villa is divided into three parts, the urbana, the rustica, and the fructuaria; A iy

all the particulars of these, Columella says, ought to be properly placed with respect eB

to each other. The wrbana contained the apartments of the landlord; the rustica con- tained the kitchen, the houses of the labouring servants, the stables, piggeries, and poultry houses, ponds for water, dunghills, on which, says Varro, some persons place necessary conveniencies for the family.(§ xii.) Adjoining the villa rustica, in the residence of opulent Romans, was placed the aviary, apiary, a place for dormice, a warren for hares and rabbits, a place for snails, and a large enclosure or park of fifty acres. or more for retaining live deer and wild beasts taken in the chace. The fructwaria contained AY the oil and wine cellars, the places for the oil and wine presses, the corn-yards, barns,/ granaries, store-houses, repositories for roots and fruits,&c.

82. Both Columella and Palladius give directions how all these parts should be situated and constructed; but though minute, they are not so explicit as to enable any one to delineate their ground plan. The same may be said as to the directions given by these authors, and by Pliny(Nat. Hist. lib. xviii.), respecting the laying out of the villa urbana; and the apartments for summer and winter. The subject of designing villas for the opulent belongs no doubt more to architecture than to agriculture; and therefore we shall refer for details to the plans given by Castel( fig. 10.), and other modern authors, who have attempted to embody the descriptions of the ancient writers.

83. Castel’s general Arrangement ofa Grand Roman Vila and its Environs, is as follows:

(1) Preetorium.(11) Ornithon of Varro.(20) Mill driven by water.

(2) Farm-house and offices. tis) Vivarium, or park for wild beasts.(21) Temple of Ceres.

(3) Canal, parting the farm from the(13) Small woody islands for peacocks.(22) Corn-fields. pretorium.(14) Place for turkeys(!!), rather swans,(23) Vineyards.

(4) Stone-banks to the canal. and their keepers: turkeys being(24) Olive grounds.

(5) Bridges. natives of America, andconsequently(25) Meadows.

(6) Museum. unknown to the Romans.(26) Orchard.

(7) River Vinius.(15) For geese and their keeper.(27) Garden.

(8) Part of the island surrounded by(16) Cochlearium.(28) Osier ground. that river.(17) Dormice.(29) Woods,&c.

(9)'The other river. 18) Apiary.(30) Coppices.

10) Walk on the bank of that river.(19) Threshing floor and barn.

84. It is remarkable that no directions are given as to the materials of which the villa should be built. These would, in all probability, depend on local circumstances; rammed earth, timber, brick burned, or only dried in the sun, or stone, would be taken according aa

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