238 Description of a Machine for Irrigation.[Apru

the readiest way: the object is, to approximate such material to the shape of a circle, whose diameter is equal to the perpen- dicular beight of the summit level to which you would raise your water at assingle operation; allowing for so much thereof as should dip into the stream to fill your buckets, and so much as should pass above the uppermost trough to discharge the water from them.

This shape is then reduced to an exact circle, by the means of a line and chalk extended from its centre, and the surplus plank being hewn down to the scribe of the circle, an axis of about two feet six inches in length is fitted to it, with arms of the same plank, and two small iron gudgeons to turn upon. Flutters are then fitted on with the saw, and cleated at con- vepient distances; with a close box between every second änd third of them, nailed upon the rim of the wheel. These buckets(by some termed gaining and losing buckets) have two apertures or holes for receiving and discharging the water; and as the bucket is immersed in the stream below, by the power of this little rapid acting upon the incussive flutter- boards, the water is taken in at one hole, and discharged out of the other, as the wheel revolves it over the trough above.

No doubt the chain-pump, the sucking, forcing, or lifting pump, or the massive wheel of Archimedes, would answer the same purpose, but the question most material is, not how water sbould be raised, but what is the expedient by which it may be elevated at the smallest expence, and with the least proportion of labour. In some of your papers, Sir, you have expressed indignation at the enormous charge for farming- engines; and in one of your late numbers, you have favoured us with a contrivance of a Scottish carriage, which may be puilt at one sixth of the expence of the carts commonly used in agriculture, I am therefore to suppose, that you include in your eonsideration the cheapness as well as the utility of farm- ing machinery, in order that any beneficial invention may be both generally known, and as generally employed.

You have, in the course of your work, endeavoured to na- turalize the practice of intelligent foreigners, and with this view you have explained the knowledge thev have acquired from the peculiar circumstances of climate and situation under which they live. A short illustration from the principles by which you are actuated, is applicable to the hydraulic wheel, which is the subject of the present paper. It is used in Ame- rica, principally by the emigrants from Holland and the Low Countries. When a Dutchman penetrates into the wide re- gions of the western world, toseek an establishment for himself and his family, his first object is to discover a good situation for a water-mill, and for his hydrostatic machinery, and the meadow ground to which it may be applied. He is con-