154 State of Commerce in France. Sept.

ſhrinks ectoels in the oven.‘The pale grain is produced when a field is over-plentifully manured with freſh ſheep?s dung, The bakers uſe co fay, that four of this pale grain goes into e oven ſwollen, and comes out of it ſhrunk. If the dung be laid upon the field, ſome weeks before the ſeed be ſown; then the wheat is not diſcoloured, but ripens with golden- yellow ears.

ITT. Some farmers in‘ Bohemia cultivate alſo a kind of ſum- mer-wheat, which has the ſame botanical chara@ers with the Triticum Hybernum, and is known to botaniſts by the appellation of Triticum æftivum non ariftatum. Fig. IV. But, unlefs in a very dry ſeaſon, it is late in ſhooting out the ears, and it is, of all ſorts of grain, the lateſt in getting fully ripe. One ſhall ſometimes obſerve red and white wheat in the ſame field, and growing from the ſame ſeed of either of theſe two Tritica. The TS A Inda ruddy grain, and yields an excellent grey flour, ſomewhat e Ger IN lar than the flour from yellow grain. The rind of the white or pale grain is ſoft, and incloſes yellow ſeeds, of which the flour is not wear ſo good as that of the red. Nor does it paſs well under the millitones, if a proportion of the red be not mixed with it.

The ftraw of the winter wheat is ſtronger and leſs agreeable to cattle than that of the ſummer-wheat.

The ſummer-wheat is not cultivated with advantage, except where deep and tedious ſnows hinder the ſeaſonable ſowing of the winter-wheat.

Fig. V. Exhibits the TRITICUM ÆsTIVUM calicibus quad- rifloris, ventricofis, glabris, imbricatis—of Linnæus: Or SUM- MER WHEAT, with four flowers in the calyx, and having it in- flated at the middle, Jnaoth, imbricated, and bearded.

Its cars contain each two large grains, with a ſmall one‘in the middle. It is cultivated in the higher grounds in Bohemia, where, on account of the ſeverity of the ſeaſons, winter-wheat 1s thought leſs likely to thrive. The Bohemian peaſantry give it the name of bearded wheat.

It may be likewiſe cultivated as winter-wheat, if there be no danger from exceſſive inclemency of the ſeaſon. The farmers in the neighbourhood of Prague cultivate it as ſummer, and as

_Winfter-w e alternately. Its grains are red. Its fraw is to!erably good fodder.

STATE OF COMMERCE IN: FRANCE,&e. To the Editor of the Commercial Magazine.

DIR, Liverpool. FN peruſing your Magazine for July laft, I find a letter inſerted, A dated Pai1s, TU 175 80 a IZ ing the truth SE the allertions contained therein, I ſhall add a few more obſervar tions which I ſhall continue on various other ſubje&s, ſhould you’