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Boox I. GARDENING IN FRANCE. 35
153. The operative gardeners in Holland are for the most part apprenticed, and serve as journeymen before they are employed to undertake the care of gardens where several hands are employed; but so general is horticultural knowledge, that every labourer is considered as capable of cropping and dressing an ordinary tradesman or farmer’s garden.
154. There are few or no artist-gardeners in Holland. Eminent practical gardeners are employed to lay out walled kitchen-gardens; and artists from Paris, generally called in to lay out parks or pleasure-grounds of more than ordinary extent.
Supsect. 6. Dutch Gardening, as a Science, and in respect to the Authors it has
produced.
155. Horticulture as a science, has been less cultivated in the Netherlands than in Jtaly er France. The botanists of the country were not among the first to advance the study of physiology, nor has any of their practical men appeared with the science of a Quintiney or a Miller.‘ The patience and riches,” Bose observes,“ which produced so high a degree of florimania in Holland, might have been usefully employed in ad- vancing vegetable physiology; but science owes nothing to the Dutch in this branch.” At the present time, when science is so rapidly and so universally spread, the learned in the Netherlands are unquestionably on a footing with those of other countries; a proof of which may be derived from the remarks of Van Mons, Van Marum, and other Dutch and Flemish correspondents of our Horticultural and Linnzan Societies. The ma- jority of working gardeners may be considered as nearly on a par with those of this country in point of science, and before them in various pomts of practice.
156. The Duich and Flemings have few authors on gardening, and the reason may be, the universality of practical knowledge in that country. Commelin and Van Osten are their principal authors. The former published the Hortus Amstelodamus, in 2 vols. folio, in 1697, and subsequently a small work on orange-trees; and Van Osten, who was gardener at Leyden, published his Dutch Gardener about 1710. Various French works on gardening have been printed at the Hague, and other parts of Holland,
Secr. HII. Of the Rise, Progress, and present State of Gardening in France.
157. Three eras mark the gardening of France; that of Charlemagne, in the eighth; of Louis XIV., in the middle‘of the seventeenth; and that of the Revolution, at the end of the eighteenth centuries. The first introduced the best fruits, and spread the use of vineyards and orchards; the second was marked by splendor in design; and the third by increased botanical] and scientific knowledge.
Suzsecr. 1. French Gardening, as an Art of Design and Taste.
158. Though the gardening of Charlemagne in the eighth century was chiefly of the useful kind, yet he is said(see Nigellius) to have had a noble palace at Ingleheim, on the Rhine, supported by a hundred columns of Italian marble. This could hardly be erected, without an agcompanying and decorative garden, though the frugal habits of that prince might preyent an extravagant display of design. From the Hortudus of Walafrid, pub- lished in the beginning of the ninth century, it appears that gardens were in these times made only within the walls of castles and monasteries.
159. Previously to the sixteenth century, any notices of gardening in France chiefly relate to other branches than that under consideration. At the end of this century, Francis the First built the palace of Fontainbleau, and introduced there some traits of the gardening of Italy. Stephens and Liebault published their Mason Rustique about this time; the early editions contain little on the subject of design, farther than directions for forming avenues, arbors, and flower-gardens.
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160. In the beginning of the seventeenth century, Hirschfield observes, the gardens of France consisted only of a few trees and flowers, some plots of turf, and pieces of water; the whole, he adds, according to their own accounts,‘ totaliy deprived of taste, and completely wild and neglected.”
161. About the middle of the seventeenth century, and in the second year of Louis the
y rf ea? Sy ar i i Sa od‘= 7 7° e= Fourteenth’s reign, France was visited by Evelyn, who makes the following remarks on the gardens in and near Paris:—
ous Senaee of the Tuilleries‘‘ is rarely contrived for privacy, shade, or company, by groves, plantations of tall trees, especially that in the middle, being of elms, and another of mulberries.‘There is a labyrimth of cypress, noble hedges of pomegranates, fountains, fish-ponds, and an aviary.‘There is an artificial echo, redoubling the words distinctly, and it is never without some fair nymph singing to it. Standing at one oF the focuses, which is under a tree, or little cabinet of hedges, the voice seems to descend from the c ouds; at another, as if it were under ground. This being at the bottom of the garden, we were‘ct into another, which, being Kept with.all imaginable accurateness as to the orangery, precious shrubs, and rare fruits, seemed a Paradise,”.
E ae Germains en Lay.‘ By the way J alighted at St. Cloes, where, on an eminence near the river, the archbishop of Paris has a garden, for the house is not very considerable, newly watered, and furnished with Statues, fountains, and groves; the walks are very fine; the fountain of Laocoon Is ma large square pool throwing the water near forty feet high, and having about it a multitude of statues and basins, and 1S a Surprising object; but nothing is more esteemed than the cascade, falling from the great stcps into
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