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GENERAL VIEW SCHLIE UErFDER?E OF THE COUNTY OF CLACKMANNAN; AND SOME OF THE ADJACENT PARISHES, SITU ATED IN THE COUNTIES OF PERTH AND STIRLING. BY JOHN FRANCIS ERSKINE, EsQqQ. OF..M AR. DRAWN UP, FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND INTERNAL 1TMPROVEMENT. EDINBURGH: PRINLFED BY H INGLIS: 1795» XO THE READER. 17 is requeſted, that this Paper may be returned to the Board of Agriculture, at its Office in London, with any additional remarks and obſervations which may occur on the peruſal, zwritfen on the margin, as loon as may be convenient. It is hardly neceflary to add, that this report 18, at preſent, printed and circulated, for the purpoſe merely of procuring farther informa- tion reſpeding the huſbandry of this diftri&, and of enabling every one to contribute his mite to the improvement of the country. The Board has adopted the ſame plan, in regard to all the other counties in the united kingdom; and will be-happy to give every aſſiſtance in its power, to any perſon, who may be deſfirous of im- proving his breed of cattle, ſheep,&c. or of trying any uſeful experiment in huſbandry. INTRODUCTION. "Luis(mall diſtri& of country, lying on the banks of the Forth, is ſituated between 56* 3 and 56* 14/ of north lat. and from 3 56' to 3* 40' long. weſt from Greenwich, and between 46' and 309' welt of the meridian of Edinburgh. It comprehends the pariſh of Alva, which belongs to the county of Stirling 3 the pariſhes of Culroſs, Tullyallan, Muckhart, and Glen Dovan, in the county of Perth 3; rhoſe of Dollar, Tillycoultry, Clackmannan, and Alloa, which, together with a part of the pariſh of Logie, compoſe the ſmall county of Clackmannan: two-thirds of the remaining part of the pariſh of Logie belongs to the county of Perth, and the other third to that of Stirling. This diſtri& extends, on the north ſide of the water of Forth, about 15 miles in length: but if the meanders of the river were to be followed, the diſtance would be fully 26 miles. The medium length of the diſtri& may be about 14 miles, by 74 in breadth, making 105 ſquare miles, or about 67,200 Engliſh ſtatute-acres*. Of theſe, 30,720(according to Mr. Stobie's map of Perth and Clackmannan) belong to the county of Clackmannan 3 which is fituated between 5625" and 562 14706 north lat. and from 3* 33' to 3* 56" weſt of Greenwich, and between 44' and 23/ weſt of the meridian of Edinburgh. Rivers.=-The only navigable river is the Forth, which waſhes the ſouthern part of this diſtri. The tide flows to the Cruives at Craigforth, which are a little above the water of Allan, which is the weſtern boundary of the diſtri. The windings of the Forth are very remarkable. The diſtance from the quay of Alloa to that of Stirling, meaſured in the 3 Correſponds nearly to 52,882 Scotch acres.+ Nearly 24,175 S-. acr. centre Ha Centre of the water, is 17 miles; and to the bridge of Stir- ling, it is 194: whereas the diſtance by land, from that to | Alloa, does not exceed 7 miles. The river expands confi- derably about the village of Cambus, where the water of Dovan falls into itz and from that to Kincardine, the river ji! varies in breadth from 1 to a mile. There are three iſlands| | between Cambus and Ailoa. One of them is of conſiderable| jj extent. Every ſpring-tide uſed formerly to cover all of them ||; with water. But within theſe two years, one of the ſmalleſt || of them has had a ſea-dyke put round it. But whether this I| banked iſlet will feed more cattle than formerly, has not yet 4 been aſcertained. There is a ſtratum of rock which runs | acroſs the bed of the river, at ſome diſtance above the largeſt | iſland, which, at low water, during ſpring-tides, makes a | ford, which, however, is but ſeldom attempted. Few veſ- | ſels above 69 or 70 tons burden can get over this ford.' ||/ The Frith of Forth may be ſaid to commence at Kincar-| j dine; and a little below that village, its breadth is full ij] 2X miles. There is a particularity in this river that is very remarkable. It is taken notice of in Sir Robert Sibbald's | Hiſtory, Ancient and Modern, of the Sheriffdoms of Fife | and Kinroſs, printed in 1710. ||« It is to be remarked, that in the Forth, there are, beſides| ||.<< the regular ebbs and flows, ſeveral irregular motions, which. ||.“« the commons between Alloa and Culroſs(who have moſt cc diligently obſerved them) called the Lakies of Forth; by <“« which name they expreſs theſe odd motions of the river, |« when it ebbs and flows: for when it floweth, ſometime |«« before it be full ſea; and on the contrary, when the ſea ji«« is ebbing, before low water, it intermits, and fills for ſome |||<“« conſiderable time, and after ebbs till 4t be low water. And| ""«« this is called a Lakie*. N "'« The Rev. Mr. Alexander Wright, late miniſter of the s« goſpel at Alloway, who made a diligent inquiry about m|» Commonly pronounced Leakie, |«“ theſe 95 1 “ theſe motions, in his Letter to me, ſent me the following account of them. «'Phere are Lakies in the river of Forth, which are in no s“« other river in Scotland. This Lakie, at low water, in 2 « niepe-tide, beginneth at Queensferry, and goeth up in a « ſtream-tide as far as the ſea filleth, which is to the Croves “« of Craigforth; and at niepe-tides, it goeth no further than “« the Houſe of Maner, at low water. At niepe-tide, at high «“ water, it goeth as far as the ſea goeth; and at the niepeſt « tide, at the high water, it will be two foot higher than the tide at full water. » € G bu « At the beginning of the ſtream, the Lakie riſeth not ſo « high as the main tide by a foot. At the dying of the « ſtream, when it is full water, it will be two foot higher « than the main tide. At the niep-tide, and low water, it « ſhall ebb two hours, and fill two hours; and at full water, « ebb an hour, and fill an hour. It is obſervable, that at the << full moon there are no Lakies, neither at full ſeca nor low «water, in the ſtream which is at that time z but at the « niep-tides which follow this itream, there are Lakies, ac- “« cording as it is ſet down before: but at the ſtream which “« is at the change of the moon, which is here called the <« Qverloup, there are Lakies, both at low water and at high « water, as 15 ſaid before 3; and alſo at the niep-tides which «« follow it, both at high and low water. «« It is very remarkable, at the change of the moon; when « it is low water, the Lakie will be two hours; which is the « beginning of the tide for that ſpace, and then the tide « ſtands, and will not ebb. till the flood come z; and at full « water, it will ebb and flow a large hour. All this is to « be underſtood, when the weather is ſecaſonable z; for in a « ſtorm, there can be no particular account given, as to the « Lakies. At Queensferry, at niep-tide and ſtream-tides « ar high water, there are no Lakies, nor in a ſtream at « low water: neither can I learn, either from ſeamem: or s filhermen, where they begin: but it is probable, that they « begin (10 3 «« begin betwixt Borrowſtounneſs and the mouth of the water “ of Carron.; « Sir, this account which I give you of the Lakies, I have & ſome of it from my own obſervation, and the reſt from « ſcamen and fiſhermen which live upon the river of Forth, « and by their long experience affirm what I have written « is of a truth: and is attefted by| “ ALEXANDER WRIGHT, Miniſter at Alloa." There is, in this diſtri&, another river, called the Water of Dovan 3; and though not navigable, is worth mentioning, on. account.of its uncommon courſe. It riſes in the pariſh of Blackford, in the county of Perth, about 35 miles north- eaſt from the ſmall village of Menttry, in the pariſh of Lo- gie. The head of it is ſituated in 56% 13/ north lat. and 38' weſt of the meridian of Edinburgh. It runs caſtward, through the Ochills, for about 11 miles, and then makes a very acute turn towards the weſt; and waters the ſmall, but pleaſant vale of Dovan, almoſt in a parallel line, with its courſe among the hills. It falls into the Forth at the village of Cambus; which is ſituated about 56% 8' north lat. and 392' weſt of the meridian of Edinburgh. So that this river, whoſe ſource is not diſtant above 6 miles, in a ſtraight line, from its mouth, runs a courſe of 26 miles, without attempt ing to reckon the almoſt innumerable windings it makes in its progreſs. Flills.--Fhe Ochills are the only hills(or more properly mountains) in the diſtri&t. They riſe, in general, very abruptly from the vale; and form a ſine defence to the cultivated grounds below, from the north winds. The ſouth ſide of them, from Pathfoot to Alva, is very Aeep, and in ſome places almoſt perpendicular; ſcarcely any thing appearing but rocks of diffcrent kinds, with now and then a ſmall patch of graſs, and ſometimes one of corn. The face of the hills, eaſtward of Alva, is in general green; ſpots of moorland or moſs appearing only towards the [38.3 he ſummit of one or two of them. On the north üde of the bills, there is fome moſs, and ground covered with heath; benty, and coarſe graſs, which are of late vifibly de- creaſing, and better grafſes are coming up in their places. Vpon the whole, the hills afford moſt excellent paſture,-elpe- cially for ſheep. The quantity of ground, in this diſtri&t of the Ochills, is probabiy about 26,000 Engliſh acres*; and of theſe, there maybe 10c0 Engliſh acres+ that are ploughed. The north- weſt end of the hills have, in general, a tolerable gentle de- ſcent towards the water or river of Allan, and burn oy rivu- Jet of Old Wharry. This declivity, as well as between 2 and 300 Scotch acres| that lie in the centre of the hills, and about 200 Scotch acres|| Iying along the banks of the Dovan, in the pariſh of Glen Dovan, are tolerably fertile, and are generally under the plough; although it is the opinion of good judges, that almoſt the whole of the lands would turn to moſt account, if they were appropriated ſolely to paſture. The rocks in the Ochills, are compoſed of granite, red and grey, black ſchiſt, whinſtones, and baſalties. Kings-ſeat-hill, in the pariſh of Tillycoultry, conſiſts of argillaceous ſchiſt: and very lately, in a hill near Menſtry, in the pariſh of Logie, ſome good lime-ſtone has beemfound, which is now begun to be wrought for ſale. It is imagined, that the Ochills contain many rich minerals, fuch as copper, cobalt, EFc. We.&. Some of them have been wrought; but all that has hitherto been done, may be conſidered r2- ther as trials than as regular workings. It is ſaid, that, about the beginning of this century, Sir John Erſkine of Alva (who was then proprietor of that eſtate) got L. 20,000 of Glver out of the mines there: but that the-metals diſappeared ſuddenly, and the mines were given up. About 509 years * Correſponds nearly to 20,460 Scotch acres.+ Nearly 787 S. acr. 3 Nearly 254 or 381 Evgliſh ſlatute-acres,|) Nearly 254 E. acr. 292» [ 12 J] 230, there was ſome copper got in the pariſh of Tillycoultry: "The cheſt-vein was about 18 inches thick: and when waſhed and dreſſed, the ore was valued at[-. 5o ſterling per ton. "The moſt remarkable hills in the Ochills, are De Myat oy Dun Myat, or, as it is generally called, Top Myat, in the pariſh of Logie 3; and Bencleugh, in the pariſh of Tilly« coultry. Dun Myat advances a little into the plain. The fide to the ſouth, is rocky, and almoſt perpendicular; and the height of it, according to Mr. Stobie, is 1345 feet. This hill affords a moſt remarkable bird's-eye view of the Carſes of Stirling and Falkirk, with the water of Forth wandering through them.; Bencleugh 1s ſituated in the centre of the hills; and is the higheſt hill, not only of this diſftri&, but of all the Ochills, being, according to Mr. Stobie, 2450 feet in height. It is, towards the ſouth, covered, almoſt to the very ſummit, with fine graſs. The proſpect from it is very fine, and moſt ex- tenſive, as no height intervenes, even to the German ocean z and the country it overlooks, is in general pretty fertile, and tolerably well cultivated. Craiginnan-hill, in the pariſh of Dollar, is reputed to produce 25 fine ſheep-paſture as can be found in the whole range of the Ochill-hills. "The low grounds Iying along the fide of the Forth, are generally included as part of the Carſe of Stirling, well known for its great fertility. Theſe lands form the fine Part of the fore-ground of the celebrated view from the caſtle of Stirling. That part of the Carſe which lies on the banks of the water of Allan, extends to the north about a mile, when it is ſuddenly cut oft by a gravelly bank riſing very quickly, and which loſes iſelf at laſt in the Ochills. At the eaſt end of this bank, there is a remarkable ſtratum of rock, of the baſalties kind, which projets very much into the Carſe, towards the water of Forth, from which it is diſtant only about 2 furlongs, owing to a large bend which the LE 7 the river takes oppoſite to it. The rock is called the Abbots- craig 3 and reſembles(though in miniature) Saliſbury-craigs, under Arthur-ſeat, near Edinburgh. To the eaſtward of the Abbots-craig, the Carſfe expands conſiderably, and forms a fertile vale, of upwards of 2000 Engliilh acres; which is in- terſe&ed by a rifing bank, which expands conſiderably as it runs eaſtward, and divides the Carſe from the vale of Devon or Dovan. The rich Carſe continues on the ſouth ſide of theſe grounds for about 6 miles. Its breadth is various, be- ing in ſome parts upwards of a mile, and in other places ſcarcely a quarter. The Carſe is cut oft, at the old caſtle of Tullyallan, by ſome rocky ground, which comes down cloſe to the water-ſide, a little to the weſtward of the thriving village of Kincardine. On the eaſt ſide of this village, is a piece of fine fertile loam, near a mile in length, and+ in breadth, which is cut off, at Long Annet, by a bed of free- ſlone-rock, which riſes very ſuddenly: it is of a fine grit, and white colour, parts of which are remarkably good z and from the beſt quarries of it, ſtones for elegant buildings bave been tranſported to a great diſtance. The grounds to the north of theſe quarries, riſe very quickly, and the banks are very ſteep; and there is nothing but two or three ſmall encloſures, beſides ſome grounds which lie re- markably warm, between them and the water-edge, all the way to Newmill-bridge, a diſtance of nearly 4 miles. The grounds in the centre of this diſtriä, riſe pretty high, and are greatly diverfified, both with reſpe& to their appearances and ſoils. The higher parts of them are very bleak, having a thin ſoil, incumbent on a cold till, or ff ſterile clay. Theſe grounds divide the Carſe from the plea fant vale of Dovan, I1ying at the foot of the Ochills. The . breadth of the vale, on a medium, is not above 3 of a mile, and the whole length is full 7 miles. The grounds to the eaſt end of this vale, riſe very ſuddenly, and ſoon get fully equal, if not to a greater height, than the waſte grounds in the centre of this diſtrit. D The DETEN| The vale is very fertile, and bears excellent grain. It is in general pretty level, which makes the draining of it rather difficult, eſpecially as conſiderable ſprings burſt out at the bottom of the Ochills; and, on any ſudden violent ſhowers in the hills, many ſmall burns or ſtreams of water run down the ſide of the mountains, and at length fall into the Dovan, which adds conſiderably to the rapid riſe of that river, which is often flooded. A remark- able one happened in September 1785, which raiſed the river upwards of 14 feet above the common level, car- rying on great quantities of corn, at the very time when it was nearly fit for being put into the ſtack or barn yard. Culroſs is the only royal borough in this diſtrict. Its in- habitants ſcarcely amount to 1000 ſouls. In the time of James VI. it was a place of ſome note, for its collieries and falt-works. The number of ſalt-pans then in uſe, amounted, as it is aflerted, to no leſs than 50."The coal- works were the molit confiderable in Scotland. The parlia- ment, in 1663, ordained, that the Culroſs-chalder ſhould be the ſtandard-meaſure for Scotland. The keeping of this (tandard-meaſure was intruſted to the town-council: but, on the decay of the coal, it has been unfortunately loſt. Conſiderable quantity of iron-ball-ſtone are found near the Curface, in this pariſh, of various ſizes, and of the beſt qua- ity. There is likewiſe ſome ochre in the pariſh: and, by the reſearches of the Earl of Dundonald, there has been Jately diſcovered ſome extenſive beds of a valuable clay, fit for the pottery and glaſs-houſe purpoſes."The harbour is bad; and, by being little frequented, is daily growing worſe. There is now no veſſel of any conſequence belonging to the borough. The thriving village of Kincardine ſhews what induſtry well-direted can do: About 60 years 280, an extenſive colliery and ſalt-works were carried on here: but the col- Jiery has been given up for ſome time; and, of courſe, the making / [ 25 A making of ſalt. When the ſalt-buſineſs was on the decline, there were only 5 boats, from 10 to 20 tons burden Theſc were employed in carrying ſalt to Leith, and bringing back from thence wood and iron. But this trade failing, the in-= habitants were induced to turn their thoughts towards Mhip-building, having a moſt excellent road-ſtead, and 2 fine beach of hard gravel, very proper for that buſineſs. Ship-carpenters therefore ſettled at Kincardine: and tbe ſpirit of ſhip-building was ſo prevalent, that, in 1740, there were 60 veſſels, from 15 to 60 tons, belonging to the place. In 1745, they were employed in the ſervice of government. The town has ever ſince been increaſing: and many ſloops and brigantines have been built; and veſſels of 200 and 300 tons, fit for the Weſt-India trade. The ſhip-maſters have had the good ſenſe and addreſs to become carriers to other ports. Seventy-five veſſels, amounting to 4043 tons burden, and employing 300 ſailors, belong at preſent to this place. Many of the beſt hands entered volunteers in the navy, on the commencement of this war. The population of the vil- lage is probably about 1800 ſouls. Clackmannan is the county-town. It ſtands on the ridge of a hill: it is ſmall, and ill-built. The inhabitants are be- tween 6 and 700. The moſt conſiderable town in this diſtriet, is Alloa, where there is a good harbour; in which, at neap-tides, the water riſes from 12 to 15 fcetz and, at ſpring-tides, from 17 to 22 feet. Near the harbour, there 15 a moſt excellent and commodious dry dock, large enough to contain a Mhip of 40 guns. The coal-trade is the greateſt ſupport of Alloa. There is a glaſs-houſe, for making bottles. It is the moſt conveniently fituated of any in Great Britain 3; as any quan- tity of coals that can be required, may be conveyed from the pits to the very door af the glaſs-houſe, by an uncommon]1ly fine waggon-way; and there is a pier adjoining to the houſe, where all materials wanted in the manufaCtory, are unload- ed, and the bottles put on board the veſſels for any part of the [46] the world. The number of the inhabitants in the town of“ Alloa, are fully 3000. Climate.--The climate in the pariſh of Logie, is moiſt, and more ſo towards the weſt than the caſt; the heights of Stirling-caſtle and the Abbots-craig being found to attradt the clouds, which often moiſten the adjacent low grounds before they divide, by one portion of them keeping the courſe of the Ochills, and the others clinging to the hills ſouth and weſt of Stirling. Snow lies commonly but a ſhort time on the low grounds; although ſometimes it is deep» upon the hills, and lies long. In the pariſh of Alva, the air is rather moiſt, and tole- rably warm in the plain. The ſnow ſeldom lies in the vale of Dovan: but the Ochills are often ſprinkled, and ſome-. times covered pretty deep by it. Near the ſummit of the hills, there is a particular ſpot, which is ſo much ſhaded, that the ſnow lies there very long, ſometimes even to the end of May. The country people call it Lady Alva's Web. The refledtion from the rocks, in ſummer, makes-the air often very hot about the houſe of Alva, though it is pretty much elevated above the plain. The rocks riſe almoſt per- pendicular from the houſe: the greateſt part of them is covered with trees. About 3o years ago, attempts to cover - the hills, to a conſiderable height, were made; and, in time, will probably ſucceed, which will be a great ornament to the country: but the elevation is ſo high, that the progreſs of the planting is but ſlow. The climate in the pariſhes of Tillycoultry and Dollar, Particularly at the foot of the hills, reſembles that in Alva. "The rain that falls is not very Coplous; and, on account of the gravelly bottom of the vale, does little hurt. The ſnow never lies long there, though that on the hills often does.3 and even remains, in particular places, till an advanced pe- riod of the year.' The Da The climate of the high lands, ſouth of the Dovay, is conſiderably colder and wetter than in the vale; and the moiſture is likewiſe more ſeverely felt, as the bottom is a retentive till. In the pariſh of Muckhart, the climate is both wetter and colder than in the neighbouring pariſhes to the weſtward, as the grounds lie conſiderably higher, and as its ſituation is along the ſouth ſide of the Ochills, which attraCs the clouds from all quarters, and breaks them; ſo that heavy ſhowers fall at Muckhart, when there is no rain at all in places a ſhort diſtance from it. ' Glen Dovan. In this pariſh, the climate is ſtill more moiſt than that of any of the neighbouring pariſhes that lie to the ſouth and weſt of itz as it is ſituated in the heart of the Ochills, which continually attradts every cloud that floats on the ſurrounding atmoſphere. The climate in the pariſh of Culroſs, though not ſo dry as that of Eaſt Lothian, is drier than that of many other Parts of Scotland. There are about ten days leſs-rain in the year, in this pariſh, than about Glaſgow; and even leſs rain falls here than in the pariſhes to the northward, and leſs than in the ſouthern and weſtern parts of Stirling-ſhire and Weſt Lothian: which circumſtance, conjoined with a ſouth expoſure, and the protection of the Ochills and Saline-hills to the north and eaſt, renders the ſituation of this pariſh more favourable to vegetation, than other places where the ſoil ſeems to be richer. The banks about the town of Cul- roſs, are particularly warm and well-ſheltered. In the pariſh of Tullyailan, the climate is pretty much the ſame as that of Culroſs. In the pariſh of Clackmannan, the climate, in the low grounds, is pleaſant, and drier, as well as warmer, than on the high grounds; eſpecially thoſe which lie on the north and eaſt part of the pariſh. The climate in the pariſh of Alloa, is pretty much the fame as in the pariſh of Clackmannan, The higher grounds, E indeed, » Cn ;ndeed, are not quite ſo cold or moiſt as the northern-or eaſtern parts of Clackmannan. Upon the whole, the climate of the diſtriet under ſurvey, is certainly rather moiſt. It is partly owing to this circum- ſtance, and partly to the greateſt part ofthe ſoil, that readily abſorbs, and for a long time retains moiſture, that the pre- paration of the ground for the ſeed, in the ſpring, is fre- quently ſo much interrupted, and 40 long poſtponed, that the harveſt is rendered late; a circumſtance, 4he bad con ſequences of which are tos generally known. The wheat- harveſt, however, in thoſe parts of the diſtrict where wheat is ſown, is often as early as in the Lothians: but this for- wardneſs proceeds entirely from the wheat-ſeed being ſown EATHer: Soil.--The low grounds, in the pariſh of Logie, lying on the banks of the Forth, are very fine carſe. The lands neareſt to the hills, are not ſo fine as thoſe immediately on the banks of the river, where the ſoil appears to have been chiefly formed of mud, depoſited or collected from time to time, until it gradually aroſe higher than the ordinary level of the water; and, perhaps, this proceſs has been a little alliſted by art. On the weſt part of the pariſh, the Carſe is cut off by a gravelly bank, covered with good loamy ſoil. There is like wiſe ſome good loam here and there in the Ochills: but, at the bottöm of theſe hills, there are ſome parts rather molly 3; the quantity, however, is very trifling. On the vorth-eaſt part of the pariſh, there is a tra€t of land, 13 miles in length, by about 3 in breadth, of a ſharp gravelly ſoil, mixed with clay. It bears a fine grain, and good crops. "The low lands, in the pariſh of Alva, although conſiſting of. various ſoils, ſuch as rich clay, ſharp gravel, and ſome parcels of moſs, are in general very fertile. The ſoil fre- „quently changes very abruptly; ſo that all the different kinds of ſoil are found intermixed in the ſame field. THE Ni 49) "The ground is rather level; which circumſtance 13 unfor= tunate, as it makes the draining of it-dificult, as large ſprings burſt out at the foot of the hills. The ſoils along the foot of the Ochills, in the pariſh.of Tillycoultry, are fine, rich, light loams, but not very deep. They have, for the moſt part, a gravelly bottom. They are covered. with innumerable quantities of ſtones, of different ſizes 3; ſome of them double the bigneſs of a man's fiſt. Theſe ſtones do not appear to hurt the crop. However, great quantities have been gathered off, which renders the ploughing of theſe lands eaſier. The haughs, along the fide of the Dovan, are a very deep loam, mixed with ſand. "There is ſome meadow-ground, near the bridge of Tilly- coultry, which hath 2 black moßy ſoil; deep, but lying on gravel. It produces coarſe graſs; and though it might be much improved by draining, does not ſeem calculated for grain. The banks and high grounds, ſouth of the Dovan, are partly a cold till, partly a loam, with ſome light ſoil on a till or clay bottom. Some of.the gronnd is covered with a ſhort heath; and has a hard red ſand bottom, or one of a cold till. In the pariſh of Dollar, the ſoil,*on the north fide of the Dovan, is a loam mixed with gravel; and, in ſome places, has a clay bottom. The high grounds, ſouth of the river, conſiſt of a ſtrong clay, mixed with 4 cold till. Short heath appears on them, in ſome places. In the pariſh of Muckhart, the ſoil is in general dry and light; but of an unequal depth, and often interſe&ed with ſmall patches of wet boggy land. The lands under tillage, in the pariſh of Glen Dovan, are ſcarcely 200 Scotch acres. The ſoil is light and dry, being a mixture of ſand and gravel; and the generality of the ſoil, ;on the hills, is good, and affords fine paſture for ſheep. About one-third part of the pariſh of Culroſs conſiſts of ainarſh and moor, and is ſcarce. capable of being made uſeful n but I zz== << E- ab.] but by planting; to which a conſiderable part has already been applied: but the growth of ſome of the trees have not been very rapid. Of the other two-thirds that are arable, that part which lies to the north-eaſt, is, in general, a very poor and barren ſoil, being a mixture of ſand and thin clay, with a cold tilly bottom. The ſoil, in the middle and ſouth part of the pariſh, is either a rich clay or dark loam, very fertile, and capable of the higheſt cultivation. In the pariſh of Tullyallan, there is a diverſity of ſoil. The ſouth part of the pariſh conſiſts of a fine fertile loam: to the eaſtward, it is but a poor thin ſand. The low grounds, on the weſt, are good carſe. On the north part, the ſoil is very poor and thin, on a cold till-bottom; and only fit for planting. The trees, on thoſe parts that have- been planted, plainly ſhew the poverty of the ſoil. AIl the grounds, in the pariſh of Clackmannan, that lie on the banks of the Forth, are an excellent carſe: but it di-. miniſhes in value, as it approaches the higher grounds. The higher lands are much diverſiied, and of various kinds of foils: ſome richer than others; but almoſt all of them on a till.bottom. Thoſe on the north and eaſt, are of the worſt quality; in general, very poor: but there are ſpots, here and there, of tolerable good land. The grounds lie high and: bleak; and there is a good deal of moor, with a black moſiy ſurface. Several patches round the farm-houſe are, notwith-. ſtanding, tolerably good: and probably have been improved: from the moor, by the ſmall farmers laying on them their- whole manure, trifling as it was; which being done, year- after year, has probably effeded the viſible difference that appears. This circumſtance indicates, that at leaſt.the beſt: Part of. the moor might be brought into culture: but whe-- ther it would indemnify the improvers for their neceſſary expences, labour, and loſs of time, cannot be ſo eaſily deter-. mined.- One obvious improvement would be, to plant the worſt of the land, and to have ſtrips of planting around Every 100 or 200 actes, in order to ſcreen the cultivated: grounds. EY grounds; and thoſe plantations would beautify, as well as enrich the country. There is a ſtrip of moſs, on the eaſt ſide of the pariſh, which is not of the beſt quality.for peats: the quantity is not great z but it is ſo ſituated, as not to be eaſily removed; at leaſt, the expence of doing it, would, in all probability, conſiderably outgo the profit. In the pariſh of Alloa, the low grounds lying on the banks of the Forth, are a continuation of the fine fertile Carſe that is found in the pariſhes'of Tullyallan, Clackmannan, and Logie. The ſub-ſoil of part of it, is a ſtrong clay, fit for making bricks and tiles. The banks that immediately ariſe from.the Carſe, are moſtly compoſed of gravel, with a fine loam near the ſurface. The higher grounds towards the north, are leſs valuable; ſome of the ſoil being thin, on 2 cold till-bottom: it can however be improved. There are about 500 acres fit only for planting; the greateſt part of which has already been put to that uſe, ſcarcely 109 acres remaining to be done. Eſtates and Tenures.--There is- no landed eſtate, in this diſtri&, that at preſent exceeds L. 4000 der annum: few amount to L. 2000. They moſtly run from L.3920 to L.1000. There are ſome of[. 100, and below it."Theſe kind of proprietors uſed to be called Portioners; of which there were many in this diſtriet: their numbers are a good deal de- creaſed. They ſeldom hold of the King; but are feus hold- ing of a ſubje&-ſuperior, anſwering to the Engliſh tenure of Soccage, which was of two ſorts. Free Soccage was paying 2 certain rent,. but not obliged to perform menial ſervice, which was reckoned derogatory to the military knight. The other was called Villein Soccage 3 where, beſides a certain rent, the vaſſal was bound to plough, ſow, reap, and per- form carriages, or any other office that was reckoned menial. Mott of the feuars, in this diſtrict, hold by this latter kind of tenure." One feu, in the- pariſh of“ Dollar; of 200:* * Correſponds nearly to 254 E, acr. F Scotch MME 2-00 09 Scotch acres, is held, by being obliged to[laughter all the cattle that may be wanted for the uſe of the Family of Argyle, in the place of Caſtle Campbell. Formerly there was a particular ſpecies of tack or leaſe(now ſcarcely known) granted by the landlord, for a low and favourable tack-duty, to thoſe who were either preſumed to be lineal ſucceſlors to the ancient poſſeſflors of the land, or whom this proprietor deſigned to gratify as ſuch: and the leſſees were uſually ſtyled Rentallers, or Kindly"Lenants. Rentals had 710 iſh(i. e. no term of expiration) exprefled in them: but as rentals were granted from a ſpecial regard to the rentaller, it is moſt probable, they were accounted rights ot life-rent, which ſubſiſted during his life. Rentals, when they were thus granted perſonally, were, upon the tenant's death, fre- quently renewed in favour of the heir: but this could not be demanded 25 a right. On ſuch a renewal, the heir paid to the landlord a grafſum or fine, in name of entry: and it behoved the landlord, after receiving the graſſum, to conti« nue the heir in the farm during his life. About the end of the fixteenth century, or beginning of the ſeventeenth, it became uſual to convert the rentallers, or kindly tenants, into feuars. About this period, a Lord Colvil, who was proprietor of the eſtate of Tillycoultry, di *vided about 2 of the arable land into 40 feus 3; which con« ſſted, on an average, of about 30 Scotch acres*,“There are about 17 or 18 of theſe feus ſtill remaining. One gentle- man has 8 of the 4oth parts, with a right of ſending ſheep to the Ochills; 3 farmers have each 2 of them; 2 others have 1 each; and one man has 13 of them. All the pariſh of Dollar was poſſeſled by the rentallers, or kindly tenants, of the Family of Argyle. Moſt of theſe tenures were converted into feus, in the year 1605. They were of various ſizes, from 10+ Scotch acres to 2001. What was called the Mains of Dollar, were divided into 8 oxengates: and on .* Correſponds nearly to 38 Engliſh ſtatute-acres.+ Nearly 12 E. acr. 4 Nearly 254 E. acr. a recent & 25.1 a recent diviſion before the Sheriff, they were found to con- tain from 30* to 43+ Scotch acres each. Moſt, if not all, of the pariſh of Muckhart, likewiſe held of the Argyle-family; and the rentallers are ſuppoſed to have been converted into feuars much about the ſame time. Both of theſe pariſhes formerly belonged to the Commenda- tor and Convent of Dunfermline. The fize of the arable farms, in the pariſh of Logie, are but ſmall; not being, on a medium, above 403 Scotch acres. The largeſt farm poſſefled by a tenant, does not excecd 120|| Scotch acres: the ſmalleſt is about 255. There are ſome feuars who farm their poſleſlions. One or two of them, be- ſides farming their own lands, rent ſome adjacent to them: but ſtill they are but ſmall farms; the largeſt of them(in- cluding their own grounds) not exceeding 60 Y Scotch acres. The pariſh of Alva belongs to one gentleman, who has almoſt the whole of the arable lands in his own poſieſlion. In the pariſhes of Tillycoultry and Dollar, the farms are but ſmall; much about the ſame ſize as thoſe in Logie-pariſh. Some of the feuars in Tillycoultry,“and moſt of thoſe in Dollar, farm their own poſſeſſions. The farms in the pariſh of Muckhart, are in general ſmall, at leaſt with reſped& to the quantity of land ſown: for . although a farm may conſiſt of 100.** or 200+ Scotch acres, the number of acres ſown will not probably exceed 30 iF, and the remainder lies in a ſtate that in Scotland is called Lying ley; i. e. land ploughed out of heart, and left to gather graſs as it beſt can. There are about 35 proprietorsz 15 of whom farm the whole, or at leaſt ſome part, of their own poſſellions. The number of tenants are about 24. The pariſh of Glen Dovan conſiſts entirely of ſmall grazing-farms, having from 600 to 1000[ſheep in each. * Correſponds nearly to 38 Engliſh ſtatute-acres.+ Nearly 59 E. acr. 3 Nearly 50 E. acr.|| Nearly 152 E. acr. S Nearly 31 E. acr. T Nearly 76 E. acr.** Nearly 127 E. acr.++ Nearly 254 E. acr. 3t Nearly 38 E. acr. In 6. 244] In the pariſh of Culroſs, the farms are-in general ſmall;. from 1 to 2, or at the moſt, 3 ploughs of land. A plough of land is reckoned from 40* to 50| Scotch acres. There are not many feus in it, and they are but ſmall. In the pariſh of Tullyallan, the farms are generally ſtill ſmaller than in the neighbouring one of Culroſs; ſome not. exceeding 30+ Scotch acres. There are 4 farms, from. 50|| to 80 5 Scotch acres each. One farm, indeed, conſiſts of 500 T Scotch acres: but of theſe, there are 300** of very poor ſoil, on a,cold till; and little elſe to be found on the ſurface, but ſhort heath, which keeps a few ſheep and black cattle. There are not many feuars. Pariſhes of Clackmannan and Alloa. There are about 50 Scotch acres of feus in the pariſh of Clackmannan. Theſe are divided among 37 feuars.; none above 5++ Scotch JCYES; NAnd TOMe 1Carcey«. teind or tithe of theſe. feus, was formerly drawn in kind, by the proprietor of the eſtate of Clackmannan: but the teind was fixed at 28 bolls, which correſponds nearly to 22 quarters 3 buſhels. About 25 years ago, inſtead of drawing the grain, it was converted into money-rent;, at the rate of 65. 84. IT per Scotch acre. "There are about 6 feus in the pariſh of Alloa, none of which. conſiſt of more than 13 or 14||||| Scotch acres. Although there are ſome ſmall farms in theſe two pariſhes, yet they are, in general, conſiderably larger than in any other part of this diſtrit. The farms in the Carſe runs from 30 56 to 60 JT or 80,X** Scotch acres. There are 3 farms in the Carſe, of 180+4 Scotch acres-each. One farmer occupies 2 of theſe farms. They are near one another, although they are in different pariſhes. In the higher grounds, the farms run from 50 J44. to 280 III||| Scotch acres. There is one farm up * Correſponds nearly to 50 Engliſh ſtatute-acres.+ Nearly 63 E. acr. 4 Nearly, 38 E. acr.|| Nearly 63 E. acr. S Nearly 101 E. acr: TF Nearly 635 E. acr. X% Nearly 381 E. acr.++ Nearly 6 E. acr. 4 Nearly 55. 3d. per Eng. acre. II| Nearly 16% or 175 Eng. acres, SS Nearly 38 E. acr. TA Nearly 76&X E. acr.%*%% Nearly I0I1X E. acr. +44 Nearly 2285 E,. acr. 444 Nearly 633 E.acr.||||| Nearly 3555 E. acr, wards [ 25 5 wards of 350* Scotch acres. This is let to a diſtiller, who lives in the Carſe, and occupies better than 200+ Scotch acres there. His great command of the richeſt manure in- duced the proprietor to let it to him, as great part of the farm was but poor land, on a cold till-bottom, and much neglected. Rents, Terms of Payment, and Length of Leaſes.--The rents, in this diſtrict, muſt vary conſiderably, as the carſe-lands are very fertile, and ſome of the mooriſh grounds of little or no value. The carfe-lands, in the pariſh of Logie, are let from 30 to 30 ſhillings F the Scotch acre. Some farms, in this pariſh, belong to hoſpitals in the town of Stirling. The managers have lately let ſome by roup or auction; and one farm, con- fiſting of about 36|| Scotch acres, was let for 31. 58. Sper Scotch acre. In the pariſh of Tillycoultry, the rents of the low grounds, along the ſides of the Dovan, are generally from 15 to 25 Mhillings per Scotch acre. In the poorer grounds, ſome lands may let for 10 ſhillings** per Scotch acre: but a great part of them cannot be worth more than 4 or 5 ſhillings++ per Scotch acre.; The lands in the vale, when encloſed, are much liked by the butchers, who generally take them. They are commonly let by auction in the month of April, to-be poſlefſled by the leffgee or tackſman from Whitſunday to Martinmas. The rent commonly runs from 30 to 50 ſhillings the Scotch acre. This rent is paid for ſown graſs(which chiefly con- üſts of red and white clover, and rye-graſs),. there being little old graſs in the whole diſtri&. There 18, however, one encloſure of old graſs, of uncommon fertility: it has * Correſponds nearly to 4442 Eng. acr. T Nearly 254 Eng. acr. 3 Nearly 245. or 395. 4d. per Eng. acre.|| Nearly 453 Eng. acr. S Nearly 515. 1d. per E. acr. TJ Nearly 115. 9d. and 205. Per E. acr. *& Nearly 75. 104, per E, acr. TE Nearly 35. 14; and 35. 11d. Der E, acer. G been [26 3 been let for paſture at the rate of 3/.*, ſometimes in- deed for 5/.4 per Scotch acre. When the lands were feued out to the rentallers, or kindly fenants, more ox leſs ſeems to have been given for a 4oth, part, according to its quality. The feu-duty is ſuppoſed to be the old rent. The particulars of theſe will be mentioned under the Miſcellaneous Obſervations. In the pariſh of Dollar, the rents, and other circum- Kances, are pretty ſimilar to thoſe of the pariſh of Tilly- Coultry«. Moſt of the pariſh of Muckhart is occupied by the feuars Mmemſelves; and the value per acre is not as yet well aſcer= tained, except when encloſed, and in paſture. The lands in tenantry cannot, in their preſent fituation, be worth, one with another, above 55.1 de7 Scotch acre. When they have been encloſed, although no graſfſes have been ſown, they have been let for paſture for 205.|| per Scotch acre. Some of them have even amounted to 309. S zer Scotch acre. The rents, in the pariſhes of Culroſs, Tullyallan, Clack mannan, and Alloa, are very various, according to the ſoil. The carſe-lands, and fine loam, let from 305. TJ to 2 guineas** Per acre: indeed,(mall encloſures, near the towns, from 21. 4+ to 31. 3x per Scotch acre. Inferior lands let from - 1098. INN| to 255. S8 per Scotch acre. Some of the worſt grounds ſcarcely reaches 49- TT per Scotch acre. The terms for payment of rent, in this diſtrict, are very various. Some pay all the rent of the preceding crop at Whitſunday. Others have two terms of payment; half at Whitſunday, and half at Lammas- Some pay one-third of their rent at Candlemas, one-third at Whitſunday, and the * Correſponds nearly to 47 5. 24. per E. acr.+ Nearly 37. 185. 8d. per E. acr. 4 Nearly 35. ITd, per Engliſh acre.|| Nearly 155. 84. per Engliſh acre. 5 Nearly 235. 74. per Evygliſh acre. q Nearly 235. 74. per Engliſh acre« x%* Nearly 335- per Engliſh acre.++ Nearly 315. 54. per Engliſh acre- 44 Nearly 475. 24. per Engliſh acre, II Nearly 75- 10d. per Engliſh acre. 86S Nearly 195. 84. per Engliſh acre« CC Nearly 35-17. per Eoyglißh acre. TCMAaLNINg [2221 remaining third at Lammas. Some few, indeed, pay their rent quarterly; viz. for the crop 1794, they pay onec-fourth at Martinmas 1794, one-fourth at Candlemas 1795, one- fourth at Whitſunday, and the laſt quarter at Lammas. The rents for paſture-ground, when let annually, are ge- nerally paid at Martinmas: ſometimes indulgence is given to Candlemas. Formerly it was the cuſtom to pay the rent partly in kind, and partly in money. The proportion differed as fancy dic- tated. Some paid two-thirds in grain, and one-third in money; while others paid half-and-half. Now moſt of the rents are paid in money 3 although there are ſome eſtates that are ſtill paid partly,in kind, and partly in money. This is a ſubje& that has been a good deal diſcuſſed: it is yet very doubtful which is the beit method. Some of theſe ar guments will be found under the Miſcellaneous Obſerva« tions. Over and above the rent, ſome geeſe, ducks, and hens, which go under the denomination of kain, were often paid. The pradice is ſtill continued on ſome eſtates, though the good farmer objets much to it. The tenants were for- merly obliged to perform carriages 3; and to plough, and harrow, and aſliſt in cutting down and putting in their maſters crop of hay and corn: but theſe ſervices, which were very oppreſſive, are now moſtly laid aſide. "The term of entry to an arable farm, is Martinmas. The duration of tacks or leaſes»are of various lengths. Some are for 7 years, 14, moſt are for 19, ſome for 30, and ſome for two 19 years. How 19 years ever could come to be a term generally fixed on, is not eaſy to be conceived, as it anſwers no one kind of rotation or courſe of crops whatſoever. There are not above 2 or 3 eſtates where the tenants are bound down to any particular kind of rotation: and, pro- bably, there is only one ſmall eſtate where the rules are ftriety obſerved, and that is in the Carſe; where the tenants are convinced, that it is by far the moſt beneficial 6ne for «hemſelves, Coals, [38 I Coals, and all minerals, are generally reſerved in the leaſes, with liberty of working them, and power to make roads to them, although not in the farm, upon payment of ſurface-damages. Theſe are ſometimes left to be determined by the dir/eymen*; or by arbiters, one choſen by each party. Sometimes the damage 1s aſcertained by the quantity of ground taken up, and one-third more than the rent of the ground damaged is allowed to the tenant. n In moſt leaſes, all ſub-tenants and aſlignees, legal or con ventional, are excluded. There 1s one eſtate, however, con«- fiſting of upwards of 400 4 Scotch acres, where the tenant is not under tbeſe reſtrictions. The eſtate was ſold, in the year 17423 for near to L. 7000. It was ſold again, in 17595. for L. 10,000. The gentleman who bought it, let it, a few years after his purchaſe, to one tenant, on condition that he was to fence it. The leaſe was for two 19 years. For the firſt 19, the tenant paid[/. 400 per annum; and for the laſt 19, he paid[. 500 per annum."Ihe tenant immediately ſub-let it to 9 or 10 people, who now pay from 35 ſhillings to 2 guineas per acre. Farm-Ofices.--The ſ?eadings, as they are commonly called (which is the old Scotch phraſe for a farm-houſe and offices), were formerly exceedingly bad. Some few of them are Mill remaining. They were built with ſtones laid in mor- tar](that 15, clay ſo beat up and tempered, as to keep the ſtones together), and covered with thatch and divot||. The houſes. were miſerable hovels: the walls ſcarcely ſeven feet bigh; and the aperture for windows were very ſmall, and generally cloſed with two boards that opened in the middle, and had a[mall pane of glaſs inſerted in each diviſion of the * Birleymen. See 25th page of Mr. Marſhall's Report of the Central. Highlands of Scotland. + Correſponding nearly to 508 Engliſh acres. 4 See 3Iſt page of the Report for Mid-Lotbian. || See g9th page of the Aberdeen-ſhire Report. Upper “1 201 upper part of the boards, which afforded but little light. "This, probably,.occaſioned the dirt and Mluttiſhneſs of this country, ſo juſtly complained of, too much of which ſtill re- mains 3; although cleanlineſs 15 creeping in, along with better, houſes. For theſe 30 years paſt, the houſes have been daily improv- ing. They are built with ftone.and lime; and the windows are conſiderably larger, and moſt of them glazed. At firſt, home-fir, of 35 or 40 years growth, was generally uſed for the roofs, as it was ſold for little more than half the price of foreign wood. Experience has proved that pradtice to be very unthrifty: for the workmanſhip in preparing the wood for uſe, was conſiderably more'than what was neceſſary when foreign timber was uſed, made it but little cheaper; and not only nominally ſo, but the wood being ſo very young and un- ſeaſoned, it ſcarcely laſted 20 years, whereas foreign wood continued good for a century. The farm and offices have undergone ſtill further improvements within theſe 20 years; but many yet want thoſe conveniences that they ought to have. The houſe, for the moſt part, fronts ſouth, and con- ſiſts but of one ſtory; moſt of them have now what the country people call a loft, z. e. a garret-ſtory. The barn, which is generally about 16 feet wide, and from 30 to 35 feet long, within walls, is commonly placed on the welt ſide, in order to have the batn or ſtack-yard open to that quarter from whence the- wind generally blows: and the cart-ſhed is at the end of the barn, with the end of it open to the ſouth, which enables the farmer to put larger things under it, than he could do, if it was open to the fide; for the walls of the barn, ſtables, and byres(7. e. cow-houſes), are ſeldom above 7 or 8 feet high. The ſtables and cow-houſes are placed oppoſite to the barn; and the dung is thrown into the ſpace between the barn and the ſtables. There are few of the imall farmers who have any foddering yards. There are ſome of the larger farms that have tolerable g90d houſes and oflices. H Good ' oblige the tenant to pay all proper attention to the repairs, 1“ 3p J Good farm-oflices can never be expected to be general, where lands are parcelled out in ſuch ſmall portions as in this diſtrit. The ſmalleſt farm muſt have a barn, ſtable, and byre: this makes cheapneſs to be ſtudied more than COonveniency.| "The landlord moſt commonly builds the farm-houüſe and| oflices z; and the tenant generally performs all carriages, and becomes obliged to keep up all the buildings, and leave them in good habitable condition on the expiration of the leaſe.' Sometimes the landlord, inſtead of building the houſe and oſlces, gives the tenant a ſum cf money to ered& them him. ſelf, under the ſame obligations of leaving them in good condition at the end ofthe leaſe. On ſmall farms, the ſum given is from[. 30 to[. 100.;. What ſort of an houfe and farm-ofhices can be expeded to be raiſed for that ſum? If the tenant is an induſtrious, real farmer, he muſt ereCt tolerable offices, for he knows that a great deal depends on having them well contrived; and the ſum that is thus drawn unwillingly from him, is, in fact, a graſſum, or fine, that he pays for the leaſe. Would it not be attended with good conſequences, both to tenants and to landlords, if it were to become an univerſal cuſtom (for it is ſaid, that it is already commenced in ſome parts of the country), that wherever new ſteadings, or onſfteads, are| neceſlary, that the landlord ſhould lay out one year's rent on the houſe and offices, and the tenant to perform all the car- riages 3; and whatever buildings the tenant ſhould think in diſpenſable, the landlord ſhould ere& them, and the tenant.7 to be obliged to pay 71 per cent. for them,“over and above| the ſtipulated rent for the farm? This method would ſecure| go00d oflices to the tenant;: and enſure the landlord, that no|! more buildings than what were abſolutely neceſlary for the farm would be required by the tenant. And in order to there ſhould be a'clauſe inſerted in the leaſe, that if the land- lord, or his fador and ſteward, ſhould find that the tenant negleCted 87-4 :megleCted the repairs, that he ſhould ſend notice to him, to have them completed by a certain- time; which if the tenant did not perform, that the eward ſhould have power to ſend tradeſmen to do them, and charge the expence of the ſaid repair to the tenant's account, who ſhould be obliged to pay it along with his rent. This method is found to be infi- nitely-ſuperior to that of leaving the repairs, neceſlary to be made at the end of the leaſe, to be eſtimated by the dzr/ep= men*; whoſe judgment is not often very accurate, and nei ther pleaſes the landlord, nor the out or in-coming tenant. The houſes and offices, as formerly mentioned, uſed to be covered with thatch and divot. Of late, they are generally covered with pantiles."They have a more agreeable appear= : ance than the old thatch-roofs: but there are many incon« veniences attending them z; eſpecially in 2 country ſubject to high winds, which often uncover large ſpaces of the roof, and break a great quantity of tiles. They are extremely cold in winter,„and exceſlively warm in ſummer. In ſhort, they make an unpleaſant and expenfive covering for any kind of buildings: but as the firſt coſt of them is conſiderably leſs than a ſlate-roof, tiles are come into general uſe. A gentleman, in this diſtritt, anxious to remove, if poſz NOble, ſome of the inconveniences attending them, was in- clined to follow the remedy uſed in Yorkſhire, as deſcribed an Mr. Marſhall's Rural Economy of the Diſtri& round Pickering: but he found that the expence would fall little ſhort of a Nate-roof. He then thought of combining the thatch and tile together. The method he followed, was to nail on the under-ſide of the couples or rafters ſome tile- lath, and then to fill up the ſpace between the couples or raiters with wheat-ſtraw, and afterwards had the tiles put on in the common way: this ſaved the pointing of the tiles with lime on the inſide, prevented the wind from having ſo great an effe& on them, and rendered the building as warm * See 7th page of the Aberdeen-ſhire Report, and the 25th page of the Report of the Central Highlands. 86 [ör 32.4 23 2 thatch-roof."The greateſt objection againſt this prac=- tice, is the danger of fire. To obviate this, the gentleman fell on another expedient. Inſtead of the tile-lath nailed on the under-ſide of the rafters, he had thin lath-boards, of about a fourth of an inch thickneſs(fuch as was uſed for plaſtering-lath, in all parts of Scotland, until very lately); nailed on the under-fſide of the couples. This leſſens the danger of fire, and does not add a great deal to the expence: and makes a moſt comfortable covering to the houſe, as well. as to the oflices; for it gives warmth in the winter, and renders them cool in ſummer. This contrivance, however,. is of ſo recent a date, that it cannot be aflerted. to have totally removed all the objeCtions to a tile-roof. Perhaps on further trial, as many inconveniences may be found to ariſe from it, as from thoſe it was intended to remove. It is ſuſpected, that it may occaſion the timber to decay more rapidly; and that it may harbour a conſiderable quantity of vermin. This laſt inconveniency. might, however, be eafily- got the better of, by only taking off the tile, and replacing. the ſtraw wherever the vermin became obnoxious z and the trouble and expence of doing this would be a mere trifle. Implements of Hüſfbandry.=-The Scotch plough, drawn bj» four miſerable garrans, 1s ſtill uſed, by the ſmall farmer, in che leaſt cultivated part of this diſtri. But the moſt dili- gent of. them are beginning to follow the example of the farmers in the fertile ſoil, by adopting the two-horſe plough, made after Small's. model, with an iron-head and mould= board. Theſe ploughs coſt from two-to three guinecas, ac- cording to the weight of the iron. In the pariſh of Muckhart, and ſome parts of the neigh- bouring pariſhes, the-old-faſhioned, ſmall ſngle-horſe carts- are ſtill uſed. They, are made by coarſe country cart wrights, of home-wood; not ſo much as the bark taken off the wood. The body of the cart conſiſts of a few boards ill put together, and of. a fize not much bigger than 2a good. wheel«. [= WB79 wheel-barrow, placed upon a wooden axle, which was fixed to ſome low wheels, compoſed of three pieces of wood, joined together(with a little interval in ſome places, be- tween the pieces) by three large wooden pins, the axle turn- ing round with the tumbril-wheels. But this kind of carts is daily getting out of uſe. The better kind of farmers uſe carts of a good fze, with wheels about the height of 52 inches. Iron axles are ge- nerally preferred. Some have carts for two horſes: others inſiſt, that one-horſe carts are infinitely more uſeful. How- ever, there are many people who afiert, that where the grounds of the farms are ſteep, two-horſe carts are abſo- lutely neceflary.=-The common ſize of a fingle-horſe cart*: The length, from 4 feet 9 inches to 5 feetz breadth, from 3 feet 3 inches to 34 feet; and the depth, from 7 inches to 1 foot. The largeſt of theſe carts is the one moſt commonly uſed, as the farmer wiſhes to have his fingle-horſe carts to hold from 3 to 33 wheat-bolls; which correſpond nearly to 2 or 14 buſhels. "The larger carts for two horſes, are generally+ from 5 feet to 5X feet long, from 3 feet 3 inches to 3X feet broad, and from 1 foot 2 inches to 13. foot deep./ There is no great difference in the weight of theſe carts. They commonly weigh, when they have iron axles, from 6> to 75 cwt. The weight depends, in a great meaſure, on the ſize of the axle, and the thickneſs of the iron rim round the wheels. * The cubical contents of the ſmalleſt cart, are from 15,561 cubic inches (9 cubic feet) to 26,676 cub. inch.(15 cub. feet). The cubical contents of the largeſt cart, are from 17,640 cub. inch.(49 cub. feet) to 30,240 cub. inch.(174 cub. feet). +T The cubical contents of the ſmalleſt of the two-horſe carts, from 32,760 cub. ineh.(19 cub. feet) to 35,100 cub.inch.(20 cub. feet), correſpond nearly to 3x wheat-bolls, or 15 Wincheſter-buſhels, and 4 wheat-bolls, or 16 Winch. buſh."The cubical contents of the largeſt cart, from 38,800 eub. inch. (22 cub. feet) to 41,580 cub. inch.(24 cub. feet), correſpond nearly to 4X wheat-bolls, or 18 Winch.„buſh, and 45 wheat-bolls, or I9% Winch. buſh. I The BE The carters about Falkirk, in the neighbouring county of Stirling, who commonly-put a load of 22 or 23 Cwt. into their fingle-horſe carts, prefer the wooden axle. Theſe earts weigh from 5 to 53 cwt- There 18 an improvement in the making of theſe carts- Inſtead of mortiſing the up- ſtanders, that ſupport the ſize of the cart, into the ſoles, or. Iying ſhafts of the cart, a good hoop, or ſometimes two, of iron are put on the outſide of the ſole, in which the up- ſtanders are placed. By this means, the upftanders are con- fderably larger, and of courſe ſtronger; and the ſoles, not weakened by the mortiſes, laſt longer: and in caſe any aC- eident happens to the upftanders, they are more eaßily re- paired. The hay and corn cart is a long open body(like many that are uſed in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh), made to- Gt the axle of the cloſe carts- They carry loads from 80 to 100 ſtone of hay. As the hay-weight is 22 Ib. to the ſtone, this correſponds nearly to 18- or 22 cWwt- Carts of this kind, when put on iron axles, commonly weigh from 85 to 93 cwt.=-The farmers generally uſe two horſes in them; although one good horſe is able to draw that'quantity of hay, on a road that is not very ſteep. It is the opinion of the generality of the farmers, that the thill or ſhaft horſe will, in a few years, completely wear out the horſe that goes in the traces, although the thill-horſe was originally a. worſe animal.?); Harroaws.--The harrows moſt commonly uſed, are 4 feet 4 inches long, by 3 feet 9 inches broad; having 4 bulls, with 5 tines in each bull. Two of theſe are linked together, and drawn by two horſes abreaſt- Some of the ſmall far. mers, on the poor ſoils, uſe harrows with only 3 bulls in them.--Some of the beſt farmers prefer having three horſes tied together, and each drawing a ſingle harrow; and a boy to drive them. The harrows have 4 bulls in each of them. Two of theſe harrows have 2 tines, in the bulls neareſt the horſes, left out, to prevent the horſes from be- bg 5 >r=-wmwa un dg Soz wm= wm a NE386.1 ing hurt in turning the harrows. The third harrow has ail the tines left in.=-Thoſe farmers who are accuſtomed to this method of harrowing, infſt, that they harrow more ground in the ſame time, and with leſs fatigue to the horſes, and at a ſmaller expeuce, as two boys can drive two ſets of har- rows 3; whereas the other method requires three men to drive the ſame number of harrows. Sometimes, when the ground is rough, a brake-harrow with 5 bulls, of a larger fize than thoſe in an ordinary harrow, is drawn by two of the horſes; and the third horſe draws a harrow with 4 bulls. Rollers.--Moſt of the farmers have ſlone-rollers, from 15 to-13 inches diameter, and 5 feet 9 inches in length. They are chiefßly uſed for breaking the clods in rough 1and.%""The weight of theſe rollers are generally from 7 to 10 cwt. ex- cluſive of the frame. Moſt of them have no ſhafts, but a frame, ſomewhat reſembling that deſcribed in Mr. Marſhall's Rural(Economy of Norfolk. Theſe are drawn by two horſes abreaſt, when the frame has ſhafts. The horſes are generally placed at length.| Fanners have been long uſed in this diftritt. The price of them is-from 1/. 1854. to 3/7. Threſhing Mills.--In the year 1787, Mr. George Meikle ereded one at Kilbagie, in the pariſh of Clackmannan. It was among the firſt that was made. It is driven by water. There are four others, in this diſtri&, that have the ſame advantage: There are many worked by horſes: ſome made for four, and ſmaller ones for two. The expence of ere&t- ing them varies great]y, from 25/. to 100/. Theſe machines are ſo much approved of, that they.are to be found on farms of 30* or 404 Scotch acres: and it is probable, that, in 2 very ſhort time, they will be held as indiſpenſably neceſſary „to a farm as the fanners. Manures uſed in this diſtri, are lime, farm-yard-dung, aſhes, ſtreet-dung, and ſometimes compoſt made of earth; %x Correſponding nearly to-38 Eng. ſtat. aer. FY Nearly 50 Eng. ſtat. acr. lime; [36.1] Hime, and dung. The[mall farmers, ſituated in the high grounds of this diſtri&t(where the old, bad huſbandry is not yet worn out), are accuſtomed to carry their dung from the byre and ſtable, to ſome of the ridges higher than the reſt z and throw the earth on the dung during the winter, ſome- ximes not till early in the ſpring. The induſtrious man turns it, before uſing: the Quggard leads it away, at once, to his bear-land. Farmers, in the vicinity of towns and vil Jages, either buy dung from the inhabitants, or give them ſtraw for it. Some farmers ſell their ſtraw to thoſe from whom they purchaſe dung, at one-third leſs price than what they otherwiſe could diſpoſe of their ſtraw for. There is a little ſea-ware uſed in the pariih of Culroſs. Of late, ſome people make a compoſt of ſea-ware, and the moſs which is floated down the river from* Blair-Drummond (a conſiderable diſtance, not leſs than 36 miles), and ſubſides in the ſmall bays. When a little dung is uſed, it is ſaid to make a moſt excellent compoſt. There is ſaid to be ſome fine clay-marl in the pariſh of Dollar, though hitherto little has been made uſe of. Lime has not been ſo much uſed as might have been ex- petted, from the moderate price öf it in this diſtri&. Lime, from Lord Elgin's quarries in Fife(which lie but four miles to the eaſtward of the pariſh of Culroſs), is readily tranſ- Ported(either in its raw ſtate, or burnt) to any of the ſmall- creeks in the Forth, at a very eaſy rate. The farmers ge- nerally prefer bringing up the ſtones, and burning them in Clamp-kilns 4, on, or near thoſe fields that they intend to lime. But if they are much hurried, they buy the ready burnt ſhells; for although they think this rather increaſes the price, they ſuppoſe themſelves repaid by the expedition they can make by it. * See 99th page of the Survey of the Southern Diſtriäs of the County of Perth. + Theſe kilns are built round, or oblong, with ſods and earth=-rather an expenſive and unthrifty manner of burning lime. ! A cargo [97 2] A cargo of lime-ſtones, of 60 carts, each cart weighing about 8 cwt. could have been delivered(a few years ago), at any of the crecks, for ſomething leſs than 1114. per cart, all expences included. This quantity, when burnt in a draw-kiln, took about 15 carts of ſmall coal; each cart weighing about 6 cwt. The price of the coal is 82. on the coal-hill. This quantity of lime-ſone,-when burnt, yields about 185 bolls of riddled lime; ſo that the lime coſt about 64. per boll*. When brought up by water in ſhells, the'rid- dled lime, including all expences, coſt about 7d. per boll. The lime-ſtone at Menſtry, in the pariſh of Logie, is ſold for 204. per ton 3; which comes nearly to 8324. per cart, of 8 cwt. The ſhells are ſold for 162. ver boll, and the ſlacked lime at gd. There is a valuable lime-quarry in the pariſh of Muck- hart, about two miles from the village of Dollar: of late, little of it has been wrought. There are likewiſe ſome lime-quaries on the borders of the Ppariſhes of Muckhart, where lime-ſhells are ſold at 19. per boll. Some large lime-kilns are built on the fide of the Forth, near the Abbots-craig. The ſtones are brought from Lord Llgin's quarries, and burnt in theſe kilns for ſale: ſo that there is but a ſmall part of the arable lands, in this diſtrict, that is five miles diſtant from lime. The quantity of lime Put on a Scotch arere, is from 60 te 120 bolls+. On good ſtrong ſoils, 200 bolls Ler Scotch acre| 18 not found to be too much. The common quantity of dung laid upon a Scotch acre, is from 25 to 30 double carts, each cart containing from 4 * Lime is commonly ſold by the wheat-boll, of 8,789 cubic inches and 34 parts; ſ0 that 185 correſpond nearly to 756 buſhels. 6d. boll correſpond nearly to ZIG. 74, t- 11ER EREIETE 402 23 EE ADE 4 ver Wincheſter 4. un. 1980 Zen= I3d. Y A 0 9708 quarter. - 9d. S--- I5d. 61,561 + Which correſpond nearly from 192 to 384 buſhels Per Engliſh acre. + Correſponding to 640'buſhels ver Engliſh acre, K to (4453 4 to 47 wheat-bolls; which correſpond nearly'to. 10 or 12 carts per Engliſh acre, each cart containing 36 buſhels. The dung from a diſtillery is reckoned the richeſt. A great diſtiller, in the pariſh of Clackmannan, whoſe works are ſituated cloſe to the banks of the Forth(as the quantity of manure from his byres, or cattle-heds, was ſo very con- Nderable, that he could not find land enough adjacent to him in the Carſe), took a large farm in the high grounds, in the pariſh of Alloa; and tranſports his dung, by water, to the» ſhore of Alloa: and from thence he carries it, in double carts, to his farm; which, on a medium, may be about two miles from the ſhore. The expence of loading and unload= ing the boat, together with the carriage to the ſhore of Al- loa, coſts about 15. per ton; and it will coſt as much ta carry it from the ſhore to the farm. Thirty double cart- loads of this manure are put on an acre 3 each containing about 25 cubical feet. The load weighs about 18 cwt. The price of dung, in the villages, about 2. per cart for aſhes, and 4d. for the dung of horſe-keepers--for ſingle horſe-carts.=-Weighs from 6 to 8 cwt. Grains cultivated.--About 30 years ago, there was ſcarcely a crop of wheat to be ſeen in this diſtrict. Now there is a conſiderable quantity ſown every year, eſpecially on the carſe- lands. Itis pretty remarkable, that, in places where the ſoil is ſo well adapted for the produce of this valuable grain, after the raiſing of it was once introduced, tbe practice could be ſo much laid aſide. However, there is great rea- ſon to believe, that wheat was raiſed on the banks of the Forth many ages ago; for, by the old rentals of the Abbacy of Cambuſkenneth(this Abbey was ſituated in the Carſe, within one of the links of the Forth, oppoſite the town of Stirling, and was founded A. D. 1147), a conſiderable quantity of wheat was paid, as part of the rent belonging to that monaſtery. The farmers pay no particular attention to the kind of wheat.[here is but little red-wheat ſown in the diſtrict, However;,, AÄNSEL DS Bundin Wig.(RDP 7 795 ge 39 Pa / MNagnted/ L 39.3 However, the farmers are anxious to get good ſeed. It is commonly pickled before ſowing. Of late, ſome farmers; inſtead of pickling, have kiln-dried their ſeed, which has been found to anſwer perfeetly. The following direCtions were given to the Compiler of theſe ſheets, by an intelligent baker in Alloa, who has kiln-dried his wheat for him theſe four ſeaſons. The ſeed grew well, and was entirely free of diſcaſe. « Let the wheat be laid upon the kiln about three or four «« inches thick: the kiln to be heated middling ſtrong, with « blind coal: the wheat to continue on the kiln for 24 hours, «« but turned frequently. Aſter taking it oF the kiln, it «« muſt be allowed 24 hours to cool 3; during which time, it «« muſt be frequently turned; then put it through the fan« « ners once or twice.""The baker adds,“ After the wheat << has lain a few hours on the kiln, and the fire begins to «« have effe&, a great number of very ſmall worms, formerly « undiſcovered by the eye, appear on the top of the grain, «« and are ſoon deſtroyed by the heat. Theſe(he appre- e« hends) come from blacked wheat, or other corns that « could not be ſuſpeded to be indifferent, or may lie in or « on good wheat 3 which worms continuing(when not thus « killed), might conſume the corn after it is thrown in the « earth, thereby checking the growth entirely, or prevent- « ing it from having the ſtrength it otherwiſe would have « to bring forth a ſtrong produdtive Na? The firſt farmer who tried the kiln-drying of wheat, inſtead of pickling it, learnt it, about 25 years ago(and he has con- tinued the pradice ever ſince) from an Iriſhman, who had been appointed by the Board of Truſtees, to lamp the linens, €9'c. manufactured in the village of Alva; who aſſerted, that it was praCtiſed in his part of Ireland: but, at this diſtance of time, the farmer has forgot what part of Ireland the man ſaid he came from.-- Barley.--The common barley is generally uſed for-the rich ſoils. Sometimes barley, that has been brought from Yarmouth E40| Yarmouth or Lynn, is ſowed, but not found to anſwer better than good Scotch ſeed. On the poor ſoils, bear or bigg» 7.€. the four-rowed barley, 15 preferred, as it is a ſurer and more produttive crop on them; which more than compen«. ſates the difference of price, which is geuerally from 15. to 28. 6d. per boll lower than barley. A gentleman who farms a conſiderable Part of his eſtate, who is a neat and a good attentive farmer, ſowed, in autumn of 1793, upon a complete Jallow, ſome common bear, at the ſame time that he ſowed ſome winter or ſix-rowed barley. The bear was rather the earlieſt ripe. Part of it was cut on the laſt day of June 1794. The common bear yielded about 7 bolls per acre; the ſfix-rowed barley about 9 bolls per acre. "The remainder of the field, which was in wheat, yielded more than 10 bolls per acre. It is pretty plain from this experiment, that winter-barley can never be the obje& of'a farmer, on a fallow in rich ſoil: perhaps, it might anſwer on a proper ſoil, after a crop of potatoes. Beans and Peaſe.--The common horſe-bean is the kind uſually ſown here; and the grey pea is generally preferred. They are uſually ſown together: only the Proportions vary according to the ſoil. On the carſe-lands, the Proportion of the pea is very ſmall; while on the leſs fertile ſoils, the beans bear a[mall proportion to the pcaſe. Sometimes clean „beans are ſown in drills, and horſe-hoed 3; and great crops have been reaped from carſe-lands: but on ſuch ſoils the Practice cännot be well depended on, as the ſeaſons ſome. times prevent the horſe-hoeing entirely, and indeed renders the hand-hoeing very diflicult and expenſive. Oats.--There are various kinds ſowed in this diſtri, In ſome parts of it, the Cupar-of-Angus oat ſucceeds better than the Blainſlie 3z* while in others, the Blainſlie has de- ſervedly the preference. It is almoſt needleſs to mention, as It 1s a fact well known, that the ſeed of either kind re- quire to be frequently renewed from the places from whence they WI 507 they take their name, otherwiſe they are not ſo produCtive as at firſt. The red oat is little known here. The black oats are now never ſown but in the high parts of the diſ- trict, where the ſoil is but indifferent, and where the huſ- bandry is conduded in the bad, Nlovenly ſtyle which has been practiſed for ages.' Potatoes are much cultivated, and are ſometimes horſe- hoed. In the neighbourhood of towns and villages, the me- chanics have moſtly a ridge or two of them, for which they P2Y a good price. They generally furniſh the dung, and conſtantly hand-hoe them; a practice that amuſes the me- cChanic, and is conducive to his health. They commonly plant a firlot on the 12th part of a Scotch acre*, which yields 5 bolls of potatoes Ft. Turnips are little cultivated, as the ſoil of this diſtri does not, in general, anſwer for them z although in the Vale of Dovan, as well as in ſome other patches, the turnip- huſbandry might be followed moſt advantageouſly. In the neighbourhood of villages, indeed, as yet it is difficult to . Prevent them from being ſtolen: that bad pradice, however, would be got the better of, if the turnip was more culti- vated. In ſome parts of the diſtri, where the ſoil bears Üne turnips, yet the ſub-ſoil is ſo very retentive, as to make the taking them off the field extremely detrimental to the ſucceeding crop: ſo that thoſe farmers who were deſirous of following the turnip-huſbandry, and attempted it, were obliged to give it over; for even the horſes feet were found to do hurt. Perhaps, if they had been at the expence of having the turnips taken off in large baſkets, and carried on mens ſhoulders, they might have found it to anſwer. Artifieial Graſſes uſed in this diſtriä, are the ſame as are uſed in moſt of the counties in Scotland; viz. red, white, * Correſponds nearly to 16 poles or perches per Engliſh meaſure, + Correſpond to rather more than 30 buſhels. TL and 1 4211 and yellow clover, rib-graſs, or narrow-leaf plantain, and rye-graſs. Seed-time, and Zuantity of Seed.--Harveſt-time, and Produce. Wheat 1s commonly ſown from the beginning of Septem-. ber to the middle of November.--When ſown before the- middle of O&ober, there is commonly ſown from 2 to 22 frlots, Kandard meaſure, per Scotch acre 3 which correſpond ' nearly from 13 to 2 buſhels, ſtandard meaſure, per Engliſh acre. If ſown after the middle of Odober, there is ſown from 22 to 3 firlots per Scotch acre 3; which correſpond nearly from 2 buſhels to 2 buſhels 13 peck per Engliſh acre. The wheat is generally reaped from the firſt week of Auguſt to the middle of September.--The produce 1s as follows: Per Scotch acre. Per Engliſh acre. Bolls, Standard meaſure, Drs. Buſh. Stat. meal. 14(a great crop) correſpond to=. 5 5 I2.--- Es u 4 6x T0(a good crop)=- EE WES 0) 9 or 95(medium on carſe-ſoils)= 5: 3% E Z 81(on inferior ſoils)= E ZU GLE Fra RUGE BI UR 0 1 20767 Weight of Wheat, of Crops 1793 and 1794: The Heavieſi Wheat. Stones. Lbs. Dutch. Zbs. Avoirdupois. Crop 1793,the boll*weighed, 14 2. equal to 60 Z Za fpiſhe Crop 17045 SE ZIT INE ET 63 The difference,=- OPS N DEU a * Standard meaſure, The vy 3 EE 43.1 The Leaſt Weight. Stones. Lbs. Dutchu Lbs. Avoirdupois» “. Crop 1793» the boll weighed, 12 14 equalto SAE 7 zerbullel Crop. 110 ME MN NT3 84427) 173507 "The difference;=- ORD TLS DITE "The Medium Weight. Stones. Lbs. Dutch. Lbs. Avoirdupois»- Crop 1793, boll on a medium, 13 8 equalto 57% 7 Gebuhel CHE EUER EH 4 SIE IAE:(5 Mn 252 PRE WIErENCHH DE 119.09 Tn IE The average of crop 1793) Was taken from 15 parcels 3 containing on the whole, 237 bolls 3 firlots. The average of crop 1794, Was taken from 21 parcels 3 containing on the whole, 211 bolls. By the laſt corn-law, it is enatted, That 57 Ibs. of wheat Mall be deemed equal td a Wincheſter buſhel. This weight correſponds to 13 ſtones 6 Ibs. 7 ounCces; Dutch weight, to the ſtandard wheat-boll. Barley is ſown from the 1ſt to the 2oth of May- On the high grounds, and inferior ſoils, rough bear is ſown ſome- times as late as the firft week in June. Seed=-from 21 to 3 firlots, Stirlingſhire meaſure, Per Scotch acre 3; correſponding nearly to 3 buſhels and 3 buſhels 2 pecks, Wincheſter meaſure, pe" Engliſh acre. When graſs-ſeeds are ſown with the barley, there is ſown only 2 firlots per Scotch acre 3 correſponding nearly to 2 buſhels 1 peck per Engliſh acte. The E 4% 1 The harveſt is generally from the beginning to the middle, of Ottober.--The produce is as follows: Per Scotch acre./ Per Engliſh acre. Bo1/s, Stirlingſhire' meaſure. Drs. Buſh. Winch. meal.: 10(agood crop) correſpond nearly to 6 2 9 TD." ir 27 20 20070B 8=- 5 m=;& E10 75(medium on carſe-lands)= Ai ÄL 7 7"- Z pr GH IE) 63(medium on inferior ſoils)- 4 ox 6--- yvi 7 10 6 Weight of barley--from 15 to 18 ſtones, Dutch weight, ver boll, Stirlingſhire meaſure 3; equal to 40x and 49 Ibs. Avoirdupois weight, per buſhel, Wincheſter meaſure. .By the laſt corn-ad, it is enaCted, That 49 1bs. of barley Ihall be deemed equal to a Wincheſter buſhel. In the pariih of Muckhart, the average of the produce of barley, is from 4 to 5 bolls, Stirlingſhire meaſure, pey Scotch acre; correſponding nearly to 2 quarters 2 buſhels and 3 quarters 1 buſhel per Engliſh acre. The weight of the barley, is from 13 to 15 ſtones, Dutch weight, per boll; correſponding nearly to 36 and 40x Ibs. Avoirdupois-weight, per buſhel."8< Oats are ſown from the middle of March to the middle of April; but often about the latter endof April, or firſt week of May, on the high lands, where the bad huſbandry fill remains. Sced--from 31 firlots to x boll, Stirlingſhire meaſure, Per Scotch acre 3 correſponds nearly to 4 buſhels 1 peck, I5 gallon and 5 buſhels, Wincheſter, per Engliſh acre. The harveſt is generally from the 1ſt of September 40 the middle of October; but in the high grounds, ſome- times [ 45 3 vmes the latter end of-Od&ober.--The produce is as follows: Per Scotch acre. Per Engliſh acre. Zolls.«Stirlingſhire meafure,. Drs. Buſy. Winch.meal. " 7(extraordinary crops)-; X 2 IZ;(great crops)-==?=; 02: 12"E Fi 4 IO D 6 2 9€(good crops)=»=»- 2002. 48.1: 82 EMEN ji:;(mediym on carſe-ſoils)? S; 6 72 GS SEL Helin n> -T€(medium on inferior ſoils)€ E 9 4 3, 63 S7 4 2% 6 470 5;(bad.eropsy)==»-;; Zu Es+ The weight of the oats, from the Carſe, and from the beſt cultivated lands of inferior ſoils, is often-- (ver boll, Stirlingſhire meaſure)(per Wincheſter buſhel3 » Dutch wt. 1bs. ird. I5 ſtones, Dutch wt? gerreiponds pegrlyta 41 1bs. Avoird 1440.="== 38 do. In bad years, ſometimes the oats will not weigh 13 ſtones, Dutch weight, zer boll, Stirlingſhire meafure; correſpond- ing nearly to 36 Ibs. Avoirdupois weight, per Wincheſter buſhel. But the oats, from the cold and ill-cultivated lands, often weigh conſiderably leſs than 11 ſtones, Dutch weight, per boll, Stirlingſhire meaſure; which is equal to 30 Ibs. Avoirdupois, der Wincheſter buſhel--a ſtrong proof of the bad ſtate of the agriculture in thoſe places: for the greateſt part of thoſe lands could be eafily made to produce oats that would at leaſt weigh 13 ſtones, Dutch weight, zer boll, Stirlingſhire meaſure, M By [6.4 By the laſt corn-law, It is enaded, That 38 Ibs. Avoir- dupois,[hall be deemed equal to a Wincheſter buſhel. Peaſe and Beans are commonly ſown from the middle of. February to the end of March. Seed--from 1 boll 2: firlots to 1 boll 3 firlots, Stirling- ire meaſure, per Scotch acre 3 correſponding nearly to 5 buſhels and 5 buſhels 2-pecks, Wincheſter meaſure, per Engliſh acre. The harveſt is generally-in produce 1s-as follows: the month of Odober.--The Per Scotch acre. Per Engliſh acre. Bolls, Stirlingſhire meaſure. Quar. Buſh. Pecks, W.meaßs 10(a great crop) correſpond nearly to 4 2 3 H(a good crop)--.. 1 RE IG 7(medium crop on a Garſe-ſoll):s m;::3430.:.:: 6----- 2%5 4443 5(medium on inferior ſoils)= 2. 1 I TZ. A 3(a bad crop)--- Proportion of ſeed, of peaſe and beans, On ſtrong land, 1 peck of. peaſe to 2 pecks of beans: on lighter ſoils, 2 pecks of peaſe to I peck of beans. 1 firlot of peaſe and 5 firlots of beans are ſaid to ſow as much land as 7 firlots of:clean beans. Graſs-ſeeds are generally ſown about the beginning or middle of May- Seed for a hay-crop.- About 14 1bs. Avoirdupois weight, of red clover, and 13 buſhel of rye-graſs, per Scotch acre z and I buſhel which is rather more than 11 1bs. of red clover, 1 gallon of rye-graſs, per Engliſh acre. When the graſs is to be paſtured after one crop of: hay, 12 Ibs. of red clover, 6 Ibs. of ow-leaf plantain, and which is rather more than the quantities of ſeeds are, white clover, 2 Ibs. of rib-graſs or narr 1 buſhel of rye-graſs, 2er Scotch acre 3 EMA than 93 Ibs. of red clover, 43 1bs. of white clover, 13 Ibs- of rib-graſs or narrow-leaf plantain, and 3 pecks of rye- graſs, per Engliſh acre. The hay-harveſt is ſeldom begun before the laſt week of June. Indeed many of the farmers do not cut their graſs until the middle, and ſometimes the end of July, thinking that they will have more hay by it. But the beſt farmers now begin to ſce this error 3; for they find that when they mow their graſs in proper time, ſo as to retain the ſeeds in it, that they have more hay(as It is ſold by weight) to diſpoſe of, only the bulk of it appears leſs to the eye. Very few of the farmers conſume any hay themſelves, which makes them leſs anxious about the quality of the crop.=-The produce 15 as follows; Per Scotch acre. Per Engliſh acre- Stones, Hay-weight.' Tons. Cwt. 400(a very uncommon crop) about equal to 3 It Oo 2 33(a great crop)--= 3 300 Bp; 8S 250(medium on carſe-lands)- 0 ge 2,09 zum aii--- LT" 16 180(medium on lighter ſoils)-= ZE E07 100(a bad crop)---- 04,18 The price of hay for upwards of 20 years, has been 4. per ſtone, Trone-weight, and 454. Hay-weight. A ſtone, Hay- weight, contains 16 pounds, 22 ounces to the pound. The price correſponds nearly to 334 9d. per ton. Potatoes are planted from the middle of April to the end of May.; Produce--from 30 to 40 bolls per Scotch acre, which correſponds nearly to 141 or. 1873 buſhels per Engliſh acre. The potatoes are generally ſold by the peck 3 which weighs, when waſhed, about 22 1bs. Avoirdupois 3 Corre- iponding to 58 Ibs. per buſhel.=-The price of potatoes is from L. 48 I from 4d. to 6d. per peck.--In Edinburgh market, 28 Ibs. Avoirdupois, is reckoned equivalent to a peck; correſpond» ing nearly to 74!bs. the buſhel. By the Lancaſhire Survey, 90 Ibs. as taken from the 'held, are reckoned equal to the buſhel. Rotation, or Courſe of Crops.--No particular one is fol kowed in this diſtri&.; The Old Rotation: 1. Barley; 2. Oatsz 3. Beans on ſtrong ſoils, or Peaſe and Beans on the lighter ones. This pradice is Kill followed by the ignorant and Novenly farmer. In the Carſe-ſoils, ſome Farmers have, 1. Beans broadcaſt; 2. Barley and Graſs-ſeeds 3 3. Hay; and 6 FERI 5 3 ZE AZ AUheat: twice, or thrice, for-- The bad farmer now and 1 then adds, 7 55 Oats. The Rotation moſt approved of by the beſt Farmers, for Carſe-ſoils, are, 1. Fallow; 2.. Wheat; 3. Beans broadcaſt; 4. Barley and Graſs-ſceds; 5. Hay; 6. There [49 7 There are ſome farmers who have, Oo=»-I Mad Fallow z; Wheat and Graſs-ſceds; Hay; Oats z . Beans z Barley and Graſs=ſeeds z Hay; Oats- On the beſt kind of Light Soils: On the AuBDdOWuuPn 2Dwym»n Fallow, or Potatoes horſe-hoed; „„Wheat; Peaſe and Beans z; Barley and Graſs-ſeeds 3 „"EL2v5 - Paſture, for 2; 35 or 4 Years5 and then broke up for--7.: Oats. Inferior Soils: . Fallow; Barley and Graſs-ſeedsz Hay; . Paſture,, for 3 or 4 years and then broke up for--5. Some ſow after the oats, 6. amd Chon; 24 1454.45..11.108 Oats. Peaſe and Beans 3 Oats-again. In thoſe Parts where the Soil is very poor, and the Farmers ignorant, they have, I. 2. 3“ Oats 3 Peaſe and Beans 3 Barley: N And [0:50 49 And thoſe lands that are, called Qutfield, as ſoon as they be-* gin to bear a little graſs, are ploughed, and ſown with oats for as many ſeaſons as they can bear any;. and then left to- gather graſs the beſt way they can. Tnelofures.--'Phere are ſome parts of the Carſe incloſed with hedge and ditch. But this does not, in the general opinion, add to their value; as the hedges, in ſome meaſure, obſtrud the free circulation of air: a matter of the greateſt conſequence in the harveſt-time, thie grounds Iying very low. And as now moſt of the farmers feed their cows and horſes on cut clover in the houſe, the incloſures are of little uſe. The farmers, therefore, give as much rent for the un-incloſed lands as for thoſe that are incloſed. In thoſe parts of the diſtrict where the grounds are alter- nately tilled and laid down for paſture, the farmers are very willing to pay well for the incloſing--often paying 59. per acre for it. Some pay frem 7x to 10 per cent. for the money laid out on the fences. Of late years, a great quantity of ſuch land has been incloſed. Indeed, it is a little ſurprifing that there has not been ſtill more done, as the encourage- ment 185 ſo great. There are various modes of incloſfing in this diſtrict. Dry-ſtone walls, where the ſtones were pretty eaſily got, were formerly built for 215. per rood, of 36 ſquare-ells. The height of thefe walls is uſually 45 feet: ſo that 24 ells in length make a rood; the price 105. per ell in length. But of late years, the price has riſen to 269. per rood, or 13d..the running-ell.--There are a few Galloway dykes.- The expence of building theſe, is pretty nearly the fame as of the dry-ſtone dykes. But the common method of incloſing, is with hedge and ditch.--A ditch of 5 feet breadth at top, is 25 feet deep, and 1 foot broad at the bot- tom. Two rows of thorns are placed in the face of the ditch: and the earth that comes out of the ditch, is thrown on the top, forming a mound, on which is put a paling. The EXPENCE EISEN expence of making the ditch, is from 6d. to 82. per fall, of 6 ells: the thorns are generally bought from 75. 6d. to 109. the thouſand,(x ſcore to the hundred: the price of the paling, and ereCting it, is from 29. to 24. 4d. per fall: ſo that the expence of making the fence, may be reckoned from 524. to 63 d. per ell. The tenant is generally obliged to clean the hedges, and uphold the paling. But as this is too much neglected by moſt tenants, thoſe landlords who are atten- tive to their fences, undertake the charge of cleaning the hedges, and keeping up the fences; and oblige their tenants to pay half the expence of it. There is but too little attention paid, in this diftri&t, to the keeping of the fences in repair. But there are ſome kept in good order. Theſe are made according to Sir George Suttie's method, as mentioned in the Survey of Eaſt Lothian. The ditch ſhould be 5 feet broad at the top, 24 feet deep, and 1 foot broad at the bottom."The ſurface of the ground on the ſide of the ditch, on which the thorns are intended to be planted, ought to be pared to the breadth of 2 or 3 feet, and 2[ſpace of x foot next the ditch ſhould be left for an edging, or /rarce- ment, as 1t 18 called in this country--but denominated an off- ſet in Mr. Marſhall's valuable Treatiſe on Planting and Rural Ornament. The remaining part of the ground that had been pared, ſhould be then dug to the depth of 8 or 9 inches, and about 2 or 3 inches of the beſt earth that the ditch affords ſhould be put over it, and the thorns then laid, not hori- zontally, but with their points inclined a little upwards, ſo that the rain may run down the plants to the roots. The thorns ſhould be placed about 9 inches aſunder, then a foot of good mould thrown over the roots of the thorns, and another /carcement, or off-ſet, of 3 or 4 inches, is leſt before the ſecond row of thorns is planted. They ſhould be placed oppoſite to the middle of the vacancy. of the firſt line of plants, and their heads ſhould be pretty nearly equal to the back-line of the ſecond /carcement. Then cover theſe quicks with ſome good mould, to the depth of 4 or 5 inches, and O level [5259 level the bank to the breadth of 3 or 4 feet, and tread the earth well down, in order to give a good baſe for a low wall to reſt on. The baſe ſhould be about 9 or 10 inches(but it muſt not, on any account, exceed 1 foot) from the roots of the uppermoſt thorns. The bottom of the wall ought to be at leaſt 20 inches broad: and the height ſhould be full 2 feet and an half, tapering towards the top, which ſhould not ex- ceed the breadth of 12 inches; and ſhould be covered by 2 ſingle ſtone, laid flat, on which a ſod of ſome thickneſs ſhould be placed, with the graſs-ſide undermoſt, over which ſome earth ſhould be placed, in this form<>, ſomething like a priſm, but rounded at the top, over which a large ſod ſhould be put, ſo as the whole earth is well covered. This quantity will adhere together, and long retain ſome moiſture, (0 that the graſs will have a good chance of vegetating for 2 conſiderable time; its weight will prevent it from being eaſily diſplaced by any wind; and it will likewiſe add 5 or 6 inches to the height of the wall. The expence of ereCing theſe low walls depends ſo much on the eaſe or dificulty of working the quarry, and the diſ- tance it is from the place where the fence is wanted, that it would be of little uſe to narrate the coſt of them; eſpecially as the rate of wages, in different parts of the country, differ : ſo very conſiderably, that I can only offer ſome data, to enable people, in different places, to form a conjeCture about the expence of this kind of fence. The ditchers wages are now commonly from 15. to 19. 7:8 per day. I generally pay for the whole by the great 3; and the price of paring the earth, making the ditch, laying the thorns, and preparing the top of the bank for the wall, is from 84. to 9d. for 6 Scotch ells*, running meaſure. The price of the thorns, in the nurſery, differ according to their age, from 59. to 109. per thouſand, 1200 reckoned to the 1000, Good thorns, proper for planting out, may be had * 6 Scotch ells are nearly 64 Eogliſh yards. for y) || [6349 for 75. 6d. per thouſand. A double row of thorns, at 9 inches diſtance, will take from 9 to 10 thorns to a yard in length. The quarriers wages were form-rly from 124. to 16d. per day. They are now from 164. to 18d. When they worked piece-work, formerly the price uſed to be from 85. to 105. per r00d, of 36 ſquare ells, according to the eaſe or dithculty of working the quarry. The price has now riſen in propor- tion to their day-wages. The men who were employed to build walls for encloſing of fields, were formerly called Cowans, to diſtinguiſh them from more regular.maſons, who were employed in hewing ſtones and building houſes. The wages of theſe inferior kind of maſons were formerly from 14d. to 16d. per day; now they are at leaſt paid from 16d. to 18d. and ſometimes 20d. When they worked by the piece, they built a rood of 36 ſquare ells, from 119. to 125.: they now ſeek higher prices, in proportion to the daily wages. It will take from 59 to 60 carts to make a rood of 36 ſquare ells*: and theſe will require about 16 bolls of lime; correſponding nearly to 65 Wincheſter buſhels. The ex- pence of leading the ſtones depends upon the diſtance they are carried, and the price of hiring carts.--Carts about Alloa were formerly hired from 15. 69. to 25. per day 3; now they are from 24. 64. t0 35: In the ſecond volume of the Muſeum Ruſticum, there are tables ſhewing the number of times a cart can go and return to the gravel-pit, according to the diſtance; and, from expe- rience, I have found them pretty exad. A cart can travel about 18 miles, which is equal to 31,680 yards in a day. If the diſtance from the quarry does not exceed a mile, a cart can go and return g times in a day 3; ſo that it will take about 41d. or 5d. per cart for Jeading the ſtones. The expence of digging and carrying the ſand and water will amount to 55. 6d. per rood. It muſt be acknowledged, * The carts carry from 8 to I0 cwt.--When the walls are 24 feet high, it will take about 45 Engliſh yards in length tomake a rood of 36 ſquare ells. that [5 4 hat the original expence of making theſe kind of fences, is conſiderably higher than the common hedge and ditch with a paling; but it is ſo far ſuperior in utility, that where fences are neceſlary, farmers can well afford to pay for them, eſpecially as the expence of keeping them in repair is trifling, in compa- rifon of keeping up and renewing the palings. Hedges alone are ſeldom brought to be a fence that can be depended on, to keep in all kinds of cattle. Indeed the cattle, in expoſed ſituations, eſpecially in theſe northern parts, are ſo impa- tient of confinement at the commencement of the long, cold, wet nights, that even the beſt plaſhed hedges are not able to reſiſt them. Beſides, theſe fences more effectually keep in the light northern kind of ſheep than a wall of 6 feet high. Änd« the advantage of obtaining ſo complete a fence on a «« certainty in ſeven or eight years, compared with that of “« taking the chance of one in fifteen or twenty, is ſcarcely “< to be done away at any expence whatever beſtowed upon <« planting and training it*.?? When I firſt began to make theſe fences, I committed ſome conſiderable errors, for I had never ſeen any of them, and only had them executed from a ſlight deſcription of them; but a very little experience ſoon taught me to correct theſe faults. I put too much earth over the thorns, which made the wall ſtand too far from the hedge; which allowed the cattle to get between the hedge and the wall, and ſo enabled them to get eafily over it. I likewiſe(in order to heighten the wall) drew the top to a point, fo that the wea- ther ſoon crumbled it down. Experience taught me to put a[1.:all quantity of earth over the thorns.: and, on conſulting Mr. Hanbury's Complete Body of Planting and Gardening, I had the pleaſure to find that he ſtrongly recommends it. In the 64th page of the firſt volume, he ſays,“« Ditches for “« ring-fences may be 4 feet wide; but care muſt be taken at “« the ſame time, not to overload the quicks, as a ditch of * See Marſhall's Planting and Rural Ornament, vol. i. page 83- EZUNGGENIS == [5.251560 this ſize will afford too much earth to be laid on it. Four inches depth of ſoil is ſuflicient to crown the quicks, un leſs it be a very dry ſoil; if ſo, a little more may be given; << and this ſhould be laid far over it, in order to retain ſuch « moiſture as falls." Warmth is certainly as beneficial to hedges as to trees: and theſe low walls give the ſelter ſo abſolutely neceſlary for rearing young hedges, in very bleak expoſed ſituations; and they likewiſe preſerve a proper moiſture about the roots. In order to ſave the expence of defending the hedge on that ſide next the ditch, the fields ſhould be thrown into ſuch a courſe of crops, as to gain 5 or 6 years before any cattle are turned into them; although this is rather difficult, as the cattle, in that field which has the wall between it and the thorns, reach over the wall, and crop the young ſhoots; which, though it prevents the thorns from covering the wall as ſoon as they would otherwiſe do, is not of ſuch very bad conſequence as might be expeded, for the fences are improved by cutting the thorns cloſe to the ground, at the end of 6:or 7 years after planting, and then having them carefully trained. It is almoſt impoſſible for any one who has not ſeen any of theſe fences, to conceive the rapidity of the growth of the hedges. I had a hedge of 6 or 7 years of age cut down early in the ſpring, and a low wall placed behind it in the courſe of the ſummer, and by the end of the ſame year the ſhoots were in general fully as high as the wall, and in many places higher; ſo that 3 or 4 years make theſe complete fences. No live-fences ought to be expeded without con- ſant care and attention, and they will ever require ſome expence to keep them in complete order; and if bulls are attempted to be kept in the encloſures, the hedge muſt be trained to over-top the wall at leaſt 23 feet. I apprehend, that the moſt ceconomical way of keeping theſe fences, is to have them clipped annually: although I am not certain, but LN LI A a BE dJ lb M3 but hedges that are not annually trained, make the moſt for- midable fence for a few years 3; but then I imagine, it would be expenſive to reduce them to proper bounds, and they are Jiable to be much damaged by the ſnow Iying on them: but as I have not yet made any compariſon of the expence of clipping them annually, or reducing them from time to time when they are grown wild, I cannot pretend to aſcer- tain which method is moſt advifable to be followed. If it is thought, that building the walls with lime is too expenſive, dry(tone-walls, ſuch as are deſcribed by Sir Digby Legard and Mr. Danby, in the ſecond volume of Mr. A. Young's Six Months'Tour, might be adopted, in ſuch places where proper kind of ſtones for them can be procured, and people found who are thoroughly acquainted with building dry ſtone-walls. The addition of hedges to theſe would be a conſiderable improvement, as they unite the warmth and ornament of the fence with the ſecurity of the wall. Theſe fences are particularly applicable to the Wolds of Yorkſhire, and many parts of the counties of Oxford; Glouceſter, and Somerſet: and I am almoſt certain, that ;f a fair trial was once made in thoſe places, they would ſoon be generally adopted. Woods and Plantations.--This diftriä, although not deſti- tute of trees, cannot be ſaid to be well wooded. There are ſome people who pretend to think, that the ridge of mountains, which bounds this diſtri on the north, was once totally covered with wood, and that chiefßly of oak; and from thence called Oak-hills, now corrupted into Ochills. The trees that have been planted along the foot of theſe hills ſucceed remarkably well; and the fine ſmooth bark of the ſeveral kinds indicates their thriving ſtate. Vpwards of 39 years ag0, Lord Alva, one of the Lords of Seſſion, who was then proprietor of the barony of Alva, attempted to plant a part of a very ſteep and rocky hill, „Which riſes to a great height immediately at the back of the houſe. FE 524 houſe. For a conſiderable time, the trees made but little progreſs: their growth was either retarded from the height of the mountain, and its being much expoſed to the ſouth- weſt wind, and the thinneſs of the ſoil; or, what is more probable, the young trees were often damaged by the ſheep, who conſtantly treſpaſſed on the plantation, whenever the (now had covered the fence made to prote& it from their depredations: however, of late years, the trees make a bet- ter appearance. But as the gentleman who purchaſed the eſtate from Lord Alva, although he yearly made additions to the plantation, yet he did not pay that conſtant attention that ſuch an undertaking requires 3 ſo that as yet there is no appearance of trees near the ſummit of the hill: but it is hoped, that his ſon, who has ſucceeded him in his eſtate, will annually replace ſuch plants as fail; and that, by per- ſeverance, the very ſummit may in time be covered with fine trees. When that period arrives, a great extent of country will enjoy the beauty they muſt give to the reſt of the hills. The natural woods are few in number, and of no great extent;„all together not exceeding 400 or 500 Scotch acres*. There is nothing remarkable in the management of them, but that they are too much negle&ed after they are cut z; for they are, at the very firſt, but ill fenced, and ſcarcely any attention paid to them afterwards. Notwith- ſtanding of this terrible negle&, there are, in ſome of the woods, ſtandards of a tolerable age and ſize. There is a barony, in this diſtri, that ſtill goes under the name of the Foreſt of Clackmannan; although there is not a ſtick, that can be properly denominated timber, to be found on 1800 Scotch acres of groundt: 5003 of theſe cannot anywiſe be ſo uſefully employed as by planting. 'Chere is indeed a ſmall copfe, of 15 Scotch acres||(which * About 508 or 635 Engliſh acres.+ Upwards of 2287 Engliſh acres 3 Upwards of 635 Engliſh actes.|| About 19 Engliſh acres. has 58 1 has been miſerably negled&ed): however, they made ſo con- ſpicuous an appearance in the eyes of a ſurveyor, of the name of Adair, that he thought it neceſlary to notice the ſpot, in a large map of Scotland, which he publiſhed 45 or 50 years ago. At the beginning of this century, the Earl of Mar was at conſiderable pains in embelliſhing his ſeat at Alloa. He was conſidered by his cotemporaries, as the great promoter of ornamental planting. All his trees throve remarkably; and many have attained to a good ſize, though nothing to what they probably would have arrived at, had not the miſ. Fortunes of the family prevented them from attending to the thinning of the trees in proper time. During the American war, the trees were thinned for a ſecond time: and oaks, of 6 or 7 feet in circumference, were ſold for 3. 4Ld. the cubi- cal foot, as they ſtood; the purchaſer being at the expence of taking them out by the roots. Early in this century, Colonel Erſkine, of Carnock, planted a conſiderable quantity of trees on the eſtate of Tillyallan, in hedge-rows, which flouriſhed well, although he ſeldom pro- tected them by a fence: but he retained all herds, and others who laboured in the fields, in his pay, ſo that he procured information of moſt offenders who damaged the trees: and it is reported, that it was a cuſtom with him, whenever he found a tree broken or hurt, to ſtrike the firſt man he met with near the ſpot. About the year 1730, Mr. Abercromby, of Tillybody, en- cloſed 158 Scotch acres of very indifferent land: the rent of the whole was only 40/. Scotch, which is equal to 3/. 65. 8. ſerling: theſe were planted moſtly with firs. His ſon; within the 40 years, began cutting of them; and it took 12 years to get the whole diſpoſed of. One acre with ano- ther, the wood ſold at the rate of 50/. per acre. This was by far the moſt profitable way of employing the ground. Some years ago, this encloſure was replanted with oaks, that are now thriving well. The Md The quantity of land, in this diſtri&, that has been planted within this century, probably extends to near 3000 acres*: and as many plantations have been made, both for ornament and uſe, it is to be hoped, that this ſpirit of im- Provement will continue; and the promoters of it, or their deſcendants, will meet with fall reward for their labours.; There are ſome orchards ſtill remaining near the old abbacies, and in a few ſheltered ſpots; but I have not heard that they are in general ſkilfully managed. Waſtes or Commons.--The only commonty(common) that remains undivided in this diſtri&t, is in the pariſh of Muck- hart, conſiſting of 400 Scotch acres+;--one ofthe Ochill-hills.| About 13 feuars(but no cotters), in the weſt end ofthe pariſh, have a right for ſo many black cattle, horſes, /wumeJ of ſheep, Te. paſtured: but no proper perſon is appointed to regulate what each feuar has a right to. Every one therefore ſends what he pleaſes; the paſture is of courſe overſtocked, and the cattle ſtarved, ſo that little benefit ariſes to any one from the common. The paſture is excellent for Meep; and it.it belonged to one proprietor, would make a good ſheep-farm. No diviſion has however been propoſed, as it is generally thought that little advantage could be reaped from it, 25 it lies at ſuch a diſtance(at leaſt 2 or 3 miles) from the feuars other poſleſlions. Other reaſons may poſſibly prevent ſome of the feuars from forcing a diviſion of this common: few of them are ſtimulated by great aCtivity, and moſt of them are in ſuch circumſtances as would render the encloſure of his ſhare too expenſive for his means 3; and without encloſ- ing the ſeveral diviſions, no more benefit than what they already enjoy, could be derived from this piece of ground; otherwiſe it is probable, that this pariſh would have taken the benefit of thoſe ſalutary acts made for encloſing and * About 3812 Engliſh acres.+ About 508 Engliſh acres. + A ſvume of graſs is equal to one acre and an half, which was beld to be Suflicient for paſturing a cow, or a three-ycear-old quey, or five ſheep. Q dividing (60) dividing of commons. By the Jaw for dividing commons, zt is enated, that where ſeveral heritors have a joint intereſt in a common, any one of them has tbe privilege of bringing a ſuit before the Court of Seſlion, for having it divided among thoſe concerned, according to the nature and extent of the poſleſlion each heritor has had. In the diviſion, the parties rights are accurately examined 3; and the valuation of thoſe lands which have a connedion with the common, eſtabliſhed by proof, regulates the ſhare which cach pro prietor receives. The fame proceſs is allowed, where, as frequently hap- pens, lands ſituated in the neighbourhood of a town, or vil- lage, lie in run-rig, or rundale, 7. e. interſperſcd with each other. But, in ſuch caſes, the extent of what each party formerly poſſeſled, and the value thereof, regulates the diviſion. Such law-ſuits, however, often turn out tedious and ex-- penſive. Some years ago, certain heritors in the county of Clackmannan, intereſted in a common, fell upon a judicious plan to avoid both errors. The late Sir Lawrence Dundas, Lord Kennet(one of the Lords of Seſlion), and about 5o others, claimed an intereſt in a commonty, called Pilmuir. A ſuit was brought for dividing it. Such as had an intereſt of ſome ſort or other, entered into a ſubmiſlion for having their reſpedive ſhares adjuſted amicably. The arbiters award, when pronounced, was produced in the Court of Seſlion, and by conſent of parties, made part 2 of the decree 3; and ſuch heritors as had no proper intereſt in the common, were cut out from any ſhare of it. By this means, a great deal of litigation, delay, and expence, were avoided; and the diviſion was effedted in an amicable man- ner, and much to the ſatisfaCion of all concerned. The extent of the common was 37 Scotch acres*, and the total expence did not exceed 67/7. * About 47 Engliſh acres. A great GG.) A great part of the Ochills, in the pariſh of Tillycoultry, was a common, conſiſting nearly of 3000 Scotch acres*. The feuars, in the Eaſter Town, had an unlimited right to, ſend ſheep to the hill: but thoſe of the Weſter Town were Jimited to 100 heep, for each fen of two-fortieth parts of the land, originally feued at the end of the 16th, or begin- ning of the 17th century; and this feu conſiſted of 30 or 40 Scotch acres+, according to the quality of the ground. The proceſs of diviſion began in 17693 and was with drawn, by conſent of the parties, in 1774, and referred to arbiters. The eſtate having paſſed into other hands ſince the diviion was made, the amount of the expence cannot now be eaſily aſcertained. There were 8 feus of the Mains of Dollar, the lands of which were run-rig. A proceſs was brought before the Sheriff; and in 1776, a meaſurement was made, and the ſeve- ral parcels valued. The total number of acres was found to be rather mote than 316 Scotch acresJ, and their value to be then upwards of 236/. The expence of this proceſs, with the meaſurement and valuation, is not now remembered: but although the charge of the land-ſarveyor was ſo exorbi- tant that the feuars refuſed to pay it, yet, I apprehend, the whole expence was under the ſum of 200/."The beſt feu was valued nearly at 1/. Ty. per Scotch acre||, and the worſt at 115. 745. One feu with another was valued at 185. 1d. per Scotch acre T. Before the diviſion, one of theſe feus(I ſuppoſe the worſt of them), conſiſting of 453 Scotch acres**, brought the proprietor only 51. per annum, and paid the public burdens 3; now it is let at 26/. About 15 years ago, one of theſe feus was purchaſed at 3601.; and in 1792, the ſame feu was ſold again for 800/. about 305 years purchaſe of the rent. In the year 1793, an- * About 3812 Engliſh acres.+ About 38 or 50 E. acres.+ About 402 E. acres.|| About 165. 6d. per E. acre. S About 98. Id. Per E. acre, T About I45. 2d. per E. acre.** About 572 E, acres. other [69.3 other of theſe feus ſold for 1150/. which was about 50 years purchaſe of what it would then let at. Live Stock.=-There is little or no attention Paid to the breed of any kind of ſtock in this diſtrict. From the ſtatiſtical accounts of the ſeveral pariſhes in this diſtriet, I apprehend that the number of ſheep fed in it may amount to nearly 20,000. Almoſt the whole of theſe are kept on the Ochills. The farmers, in general, have not come to the method of rearing their own ſheep: although ſome have a few ſcores of ewes on their farms, and of late years have attempted to rear ſome young ſheep; which, on the whole, they find are ſtronger and more profitable than thoſe purchaſed in Tweeddale: but ſtill they continue to buy the greateſt part of the ſtock at Linton-market, which are of the black face and coarſe wool kind. The ſheep pur- chaſed are generally of a year ol4, which(according to the cuſtom of the ſouth) have been ſmeared with tar and butter: but that practice is found unneceſlary in this diſtrict. After the ſheep have been ſhorn three times zwhze(as the ſheep- maſters expreſs it), they are ſold about Auguſt and Septem- ber, as fit for the butcher. The beſt white fleeces yield about 41b. of wool, valued at 104. per /b.; and the beſt ſmeared fleeces 6/b. at 54. or 6d. per /b. The average-weight of a "white fleece is about 22/2. and of a Imeared one 4/5. The generality of the farmers keep from 6 to 8. cows each, although little or no attention 15 paid to the dairy. Manufa&tures.--There are but few manufadtures in this diſtri&. In the pariſh of Alva there are 67 looms, which make blankets and ſerges of 2 low price; the former from 94. to 15. per Scotch ell, and the Jatter from 104. to 154. and a few from 16. to 18. per ell. The length of each web may be reckoned at 80 yards; and taking the AVErage- value to be 104. or 112. per yard, the groſs produce may amount to 7800/. or 8000/. per annum. Engliſh [765] J Engliſh wool is chiefly made uſe of; partly Mort, and partly combed wool. The wool from the Ochills is gene- rally worked up by the peop:2 of the country for their own private uſe. There probably are from 70 to 80 looms in Alloa and Tillybody; and a few hands are employed in manufaCuring narrow and broad cloth. Of late, ſome muſlin-looms, with fy-Mhuttles, have beer.:rected in three or four towns; and there are ſowe frames for tambouring of muſlin: ſo that be- tween 200 and 300 young people are kept diligently at work in this branch of the cotton-manufaCory. A foundry, on a ſmall ſcale, has been long eſtabliſhed at Alloa. There are alſo a tyle-work, and a tannery. It is now 28 years ſince a green'glaſs-houſe was eretted at Alloa. It gives employment to a great number of people. A few years ago, the houſe was purchaſed by the Edinburgh Glaſs-houſe Company, who have extended the buſineſs. This glaſs-houſe is moſt conveniently ſituated on the banks of the Forth; and the coals'it conſumes, are conveyed, from the pits to the door of the furnace, by a waggon-way, which is thought to be the beſt in Britain. A deſcription of it, there fore, may not be improper for this Report. "The Dleepers are broad, and only 18 inches diſtant from centre to centre. A rail, of upwards of 4 inches ſquare, is pinned down to the ſleepers by an oak-pin: over this rail, another of the ſame dimenſions is laid, care being always taken to croſs the joints of the lower rail. The whole is well beat up in good clay. On the top of the uppermoſt Trail, a bar of malleable iron, of 14 inch breadth, and upwards of 5. of an inch in thickneſs. The waggons have wheels of 27% inches diameter; and theſe, with the waggon, are ſup- poſed to weigh from 18 to 20 cwt. A waggon contains 14 ton of coals. Two waggons are commonly linked together by chains of 2 feet long; ſometimes a third waggon 1s added to them: ſo that one horſe draws 41 tons of coals, beſides near 3 tons-weight of carriages; and the declivity of the R waggon» rd waggon-Wway 18 in moſt places ſo gentle, as to admit the horſe +o draw the three empty waggons back to the coal-hills, at the rate of 3 miles per hour. Indeed, one horſe can draw, by extraordinary exertions, four waggons filled with coals 3;[3; that the weight, including the waggons, approaches very near to 10 tons: which is almoſt incredible, as it far exceeds the weight of a broad-wheeled loaded waggon, which takes 8 horſes to draw itz for that, by a& of parliament, 15 only allowed to weigh 6 tons in ſummer, and 5 in winter. "Che advantages of dividing the load into ſeveral waggons are very conſiderable. They are eaſier filled and emptied 3 and, by throwing the weight over a greater ſurface,"leſs damage is done to the waggon-way: at the ſame time, it is conſiderably eaſier for the horſe; as it is well known, that almoſt the only exertion which the horſe has to make on a good waggon-way, is at the firſt ſtarting of the waggon> therefore if the whole weight was put into one Waggon, the difficulty would be almoſt unſurmountable. But as the waggons,; when ſtanding ſill, are quite cloſe to one another, and the chains that link them together about 2 feet long, the horſe has only 23 tons to put in motion 3; for when he ſtarts the firſt waggon, the impetus of it, If it does not aC= tually move, at leaſt greatly aſliſts in moving the other wag- gons, with very little exertion of the horſe. The firſt ex- pence of making this road was conſiderable, being from 107. to 115. per yard, or between 9001. and 1000. fer mile. But the proprietor has been amply repaid 3 for although this road, which is full 2 miles in length, bas been finiſhed up- wards of 10 ycars, the repairs of it, during that period, has not exceeded the ſum of 200/. Hirherto this kind of roads has been uſed only for the conveyance of coals from the pits, or ſtones from a quarry: but perhaps the uſe of them might be extended for conveying all kinds of goods from one place to another, as in ſome particulars they have ad» vantages ſuperior to canals 3; for froſt little affe&ts them, and 0.6.1 and leſs time is loſt than from the obärudion given to navigation by locks. Notwithſtanding the Carron Company had a leaſe of the ;ron ſtone in the collieries of Sauchie and Collyland, ſome gentlemen, in 1792, ere&ted an iron work at Sauchie, in the pariſh of Clackmannan, under the firm of the Dovan Company."They choſe a ſeep bank, on the ſouth fide of the river Doyan, for the ſituation of their works, where there was a conſiderable quarry 3; which induced them to try an experiment, whether the excavating the quarry would not gwe them more conveniency, and at a leſs expence, than quarrying the ſtones, and building their works at a[mall diſtance from it. They have 2 furnaces, each of them up- wards of 40 feet high, by 14 feet diameter 3; and a magazine for air, which contains upwards of 10,000 feet of air. As yet the Company have only made pig-iron. The col» lieries in this diſtriQ are numerous, and many have been wrought for a conſiderable length of time. Thoſe of Cul« roſs were among the firſt known in Scotland, It is ſaid, that theſe works chiefly ſupplied the city of London with coals, during the time that the plague raged at Newcaſtle. The borough of Culroſs was appointed, by an a& of par- liament in 1663, to keep the ſtandard for the coal-meaſures of Scotland. But unfortunately, when the coal-works were given up, theſe ſtandards were diſregarded, and are now loſt. The Scotch Book of Rates mentions the great chalder of Culroſs, and the ſmall chalder of Culroſs, which were in the proportion of five to two. There are no coals now ſent by water-carriage from this diſtri&, except from the pariſhes of Clackmannan and Alloa. The quantity from Alloa is daily increaſing, notwithſtanding the collieries of Sauchie and Tillycoultry(from which uſed to be ſhipped a conſiderable quantity at this port) are let to the Dovan Company; and their own conſumpt prevents them from being able to ſpare any great quantity for the uſe of other people. There lb 66,7 There are 5 diſtilleries in this diſtri&; but only 4 of them have ever yet been employed at the ſame time. Each diſtil- lery affords an amazing quantity of the richeſt manure; which, of courſe, adds confiderably to the produce of the grounds in their neighbourhood. Formerly large diſtilleries were generally ere&ted in by- places, or the ſkirts of a large town. The refuſe of the grains and waſh was moſtly employed in feeding hogs; and from the fituation of the diſtilleries, a very conſiderable quantity of the moſt valuable manure was loſt. The Scotch diſtillers have the merit of ereCting diſtilleries in the Country; and applying the refuſe of their grains and waſh to the feed ing of cattle; which they were. probably led to do, from pork not being a favourite food in Scotland. The buildings at Kennet-pans and Kilbagie were of conſiderable extent: the houſes and places for feeding cattle and hogs were well con- trived. The diſtillers, for a few years, fed a great quantity of hogs, although it was with difficulty that they could pro- cure a ſuflicient number of them: but, on the whole, they did not find them turn out ſo profitable as the feeding of well choſen cattle; and therefore ſoon gave over feeding of hogs, although the building of the hog-ſtyes had coſt a conſiderable fum of money. Moſt people are prejudiced againſt the beef fed at diſtilleries; but when proper attention is paid to the manner of feeding the cattle, there cannot be better ſtalled- fed beef. The diſtillers prefer the cattle of ſome age; and of a ſize that will weigh, when fat, about 38 ſtone Dutch, or 48 ſtone Avoirdupois(14/b. to the ſtone). While the works were on a[mall ſcale, the diſtillers paid no great at- tention to farming, although they had ſmall farms belonging to them. But when their manure increaſed faſt on them, „they thought it adviſable to turn their thoughts to the profits that might accrue to them from their rich manure: they accordingly took larger farms; and were undoubtedly the principal cauſe of improving the huſbandry of this diſtri. I was in hopes of being able to have ſhewn the advantages that agriculture received from the diſtilleries; but I have neither DI neither had time nor leiſure to inquire into the particulars, and digeſt the ſame, to make the information worthy of the public attention. I ſhall endeavour, however, to gain what knowledge I can, and 1f I find it of the importance that I exped&, I ſhall take the firſt opportunity of laying it before the Board of Agriculture. There is a ſmall ſteam-engine at Kennet-pans for grinding of grain, ereCted by Meſirs. Watt and Bolton, on the ſame plan as the Albion-mills. There are many mills in this diſtrit, employed for va- rious purpoſes. There is a paper-mill; mills for extrading oil, and making cakes from linſeed; mills for dreſſing of lint; fulling-mills; one mill for chopping and grinding of dye-ſtuffs; many mills for grinding of wheat, oats, malt, and pot or pearl barley.--There is a complete ſet of mills at Alloa. The building is 93 feet long, 31 feet broad over walls, and 32 feet high."Phe machinery alone coſt 500/. and is extremely well executed. There are two large wheels in the centre of the houſe, each of 19 feet diameter, which drive all the machinery. At one end of the building, there are two pair of ſtones for grinding wheat, cleanſing and boulting ma- chines, and a mill for making pearl barley: at the other end, there are two pair of ſtones for grinding oats, rollers for bruiſing malt, and a mill for making pearl barley."The brewers and bakers in the barony of Alloa are thirled to it: and the miller does a conſiderable deal of buſineſs; which enables him to give an high rent for the mills--300/. Per annum. The thirlage of this diſtrict is not much complained of, except in one or two pariſhes. Moſt of the proprietors have freed their own tenants from thirlage, on their paying the rent of the thirle, which varies conſiderably; but the tenants moſt willingly pay from ſix-pence to one ſhilling per acre*, to be free from that bondage. There is a farm in the parilh * Nearly from 434. to 934. per Engliſh acre, 3 of GGG EI ez [8] of Muckhart, which I have heard is kept in graſs, ſolely on account of the heavy thirle. The ſmail proprietors would moſt readily give 25 years purchaſe of the thirlage to have their lands free from it. There is a mill in the parih of Alloa, which, before the Reformation, belonged to the Abbacy of Cambuſkenneth. Some of thoſe lands which were formerly part of the pro- perty of that rich community, and lie on,the ſouth fide of the river Forth, are ſtill obliged to bring their grain to be ground at this mill. Within theſe few years, a blezching field has been made on the banks of the- Dovan, near the village of Dollar, which has anſwered extremely well. For the firſt two or three years, there were ſcarcely 6 Scotch acres* of ground under cloth: but in the year 1793, there were 20 Scotch aäcres+ covered with it. There are many fairs in this diſtri; but the cattle ex poſed in them are generally of the inferior kind, and in ſmall quantities. The only one that has any ſhew of cattle in it, is at Path-foot, in the pariſh of Logie, which is held about the time of the laſt great 77y/? of Falkirk, in Odo- ber. There is not the ſmalleſt reſemblance of a public market for grain in all the diſtri. Very lately a corn- „market has been eſtabliſhed at Stirling, which promiſes to turn out to the advantage of the weſtern part of the diſtrict. The farmers, however, find little difficulty in diſpoſing of their crops at home by private bargain."The moſt ſubſtan- tial claſs ſell their grain by the higheſt price of the Mid or Eaſt Lothian fiars 3; that is, they give two or three months credit to the purchaſer, at the price which is generally found chere to be the average-price of the year- Smaller tenants ſell their grain for the current prices at the time of their delivering it. By the laſt corn-a&, monthly prices are taken in the county of Clackmannan as well as the. reſt of Scot- * Rather more than 73 Engliſh ackes«+ Nearly 25% Engliſh acres- land, -. FE EE ne LEGE L-694 land, although there are many months when 10 grain that grew in the county is either bought or ſold in it. It is claſſed in the Edinburgh diſtri&; and had the prices been taken quarterly, they might have been very juſt: on the pre- ſent plan, it 15 little elſe than conjeCture. It is much to be regretted, that the ſyſtem of dividing the ;ſland into diſtricts ſhould have been ſo long perſevered in, 25 it has been attended with many diſadvantages. The ob- ſtrudtion it gives to the removing of grain from one part of the iſland to another, is not the leaſt of them; and I cannot conceive it poſſible, that thoſe diſadvantages, ſo much dread- ed by many people, If the rates for allowing exportation or importation were to be aſcertained by the prices of grain in the London market, would equal thoſe which the preſent ſyſtem foſters. The merchants, on the weſtern fide of the iſland, pretend to ſay, that as the prices of the London mar- ket are below the average of the kingdom, the weſt coaſt might be ſtarved before their ports would be open for im- portation. I apprehend that theſe gentlemen are miſtaken, and perhaps they are not very willing to be convinced z; for there is the greateſt room for ſpeculation in trade, when the import of grain depends on the prices of their own market. Experience proves, that this mode does not bring them to the level of the prices on the eaſtern coaſt: though they might ever command a proper ſupply of grain, if they made allowance for the expence of tranſporting it from one ſide of the iſland to the other 3 and as their ſupply would be pretty Keady, the prices muſt naturally find their level. It matters not to the community, whether it is the corn- dealers in the weſt, or thoſe in the eaſt, that ſupply the market of the manufadurer, provided it is regularly ſuyp- plied: but the preſent ſyſtem excludes the corn-dealers of the eaſtern counties from interſering with thoſe of the weſt, as they can never tell, with any degree of certainty, what prices the weſtern market may afford, when they make their appearance In It; and therefore the dealers in the weſtern Parts [ ip01R] parts command and monopolize their own market. The truth of theſe conje&ures 15 pretty well manifeſted, by the "Table of Compariſon of the Fiars of Mid-Lothian and thoſe of the Commiſlariot of Glaſgow, which are given in the Ap- pendix. It appears by this Table, that the prices in Edin- burgh rather exceeded thoſe of Glaſgow for near the firſt 50 years of this century: and during the whole of this period, the importation-price was aſcertained by the prices of the Edinburgh-market. Glaſgow began to flouriſh immediately aſter the ſuppreſſion of the rebellion in 1746; and as its population increaſed, the prices of meal roſe there as.much above the prices in the Edinburgh-market as paid the ex- pence of carriage. In 1774, the ſyſtem of our corn-trade was entirely altered, and every county allowed to export and import according to its own price of grain. The in- conveniences of this ſcheme were ſoon felt, and attempted to be altered within the ſpace of three years: but the misfor- tunes of the country then prevented any effectual ſteps from being taken towards a remedy. Some years afterwards, inſtead of permitting each county to export or import grain by its own prices, the country was thrown into diſtriets. The country gentlemen of Scotland then wiſhed to revert to the old ſyſtem: but all Glaſgow took the alarm immediately 3 and the Chamber of Commerce did not hefitate to aſſert, that this propoſal of the country gentlemen was ſolely for their own intereſt, and that they could only gain by ſacrificing the manufa&urers of the weſt. Their clamours obtained the ſuppoſed vi&ory: but the Table Mhews, whether the dif- . ference between the prices of Edinburgh and Glaſgow has proved the aſlertions of the merchants. From theſe it ap- pears pretty plainly, that the manufacturers have not gained, whatever may have been the caſe of the corn-dealers on the weſtern coaſt. The great defideratum in the corn-buſineſs, is to fall on that method which brings grain to as ſteady a price as the nature of things will admit of. It is even bet- ter that the average-price of grain ſhould be high, than be perpetually [ 17.1008 perpetually harafſed with rapid riſes or falls of the market. Surely an experimental] att, for the ſpace of ſeven years, might be ſafely tried, to determine whether it would prove an ad- vantage or not to the kingdom, to have the London-prices regulate the exportation or importation of the whole king- dom for all ſorts of grain or flour, except oat-meal; and for that article, the Edinburgh-market ſhould regulate it. The venerable Adam Smith has given a decided opinion againſt the corn-laws that took place at the end of laſt century; though he admitted, that its advocates ſhewed, by the Table of the prices at Windſor, that for half a century the prices of grain rather fell than otherwiſe: but he inſiſted, that this proceeded from other cauſes, without mentioning what thoſe cauſes were. The regular ſyſtem of the corn-laws received ſuch a ſhock in 1757, that the trade never completely re- covered, and new regulations were daily taking place. At laſt the ſyſtem was changed in 1774; and ever ſince, the prices of grain have riſen confiderably; and, what is ſtill worſe, more rapid riſes and falls took place than what ever were known to happen in the former part of this century. This fad&t cannot be controverted: but it is alleged, that other cauſes have occaſioned it--not the new corn-laws. This mode of reaſoning cuts off at once all argument. Under the laws of the laſt century, England became an exporting country; and ſince the new ſyſtem has been adopted, it is unfortunately become an importing one. The corn-laws in Ireland were taken from thoſe of Eng- land; but had not, for many years, the ſame advantages. In 1774, there were many people who wiſhed to aſlimilate the Iriſh corn-laws to the new one of England: but ſome of the principal people in the Iriſh Houſe of Commons, who had Paid conſiderable attention to the benefits which they had experienced from the old laws, had luckily as much in- fluence with that Houſe as to perſuade them, that it would add greatly to the advantage of Ireland, if they would purſue, with ſome improvements, that method which had already TD proved |; ij [3 92..1 proved ſo beneficial to the country, rather than try new fancies. It is certain, whatever the cauſe has been, that Ireland, from an importing country, has become an export- ing ONE. Wages.--There have been various and great alterations and riſes in the rate of wages within theſe 40 years, more particularly within the laſt 205 and there is a likelihood of their ſtill continuing to get higher. Annual ſervants, employed out of doors, and not reſiding ;n their maſter's houſe, have always been allowed Jivery-mea/: and the quantity has been conitantly fixed at 2 pecks of meal, or 1 ſtone, Dutch weight(equal to 17/b. 4402. Avoir- dupois), per week. Formerly moſt of the ploughmen lived in their employers houſes: and their fees(wages) and bounties allowed them zwere as follow; v/z-. 4 ells of grey cloth, at 13. per EI 00.074220 6 ells of harn, or coarſe linen, for ſhirts, at 6d. per ell,- S= 6.3: 0 2 ells of plaiding, or coarſe flannel, at 104. ver ell,--- 0-:218 2 pair of ſhoes, or in money,- 5.7290 Total value of bounties, LZ. 0 13 8 Fees, or wages in money; 2 0 0 Total value of wages»,- L- 2 13 3 The ploughmen, who did notlive in their maſter'shouſe,had, beſides their wages, 2 pecks of oat-meal per week, or 61 bolls of livery-meal per annum; and 4d. per week, under the name of kitchen-money, or ſap. In order to aſcertain the wages of an out-door ploughman, a value muſt be put on the meal; which is done in the following Table, by taking the price of the meal on an average of 20 years preceding the year ſpeci- fed in the margin. [057 Houſe Out-door Day Women---' Women--| Men-- 5|[Ploughmen. Ploughmen. Labourers. Hay.| Harveſt.|Harveſt. G Per annum.| Per annum. Per day. Per day.| Per day.| Per day. Jord SE DSZ EEN NEN8 d. ds d. d. 1754| 2 133 81616 4 7 1960) 34.04.9| 7, 2,.95 HICKE 1S2:5./4 8 17214. 19.2010. 12. 2 gor 10 1790||6 10 Oj11 19 9 I00r12 6 IO 12: 1796| 7 7 0/13 7 9 jfromr2to16 6 12 14 Beſides the wages ſtated in the above Table, the out-door ploughmen have ſome emoluments; ſuch as liberty to plant 2 or 3 pecks of potatoes, and to ſow a[mall quantity of lin- ſeed, and often meat for a cow. Some obſervations on the method of paying day-wages will be found in the Appendix. Moſt of the principal farmers, in this diſtri&, prefer mar- ried ſervants, as being more orderly and traJable. The farmer provides a houſe for him, as near his own as poſſible; and generally a ſmall piece of ground for a kail-yard, or gar- den. The advantage is ſo great, that I have known a tenant ere& a double cottage near him, moſtly at his own expence z for he had no other allowance from his landlord, but the liberty of taking a few ſtones from an old houſe. The tenant had indeed a good leaſe. It is much to be wiſhed that this cuſtom was more uni- verſal, as it is a moſt beneficial one to the country. Its, in fad, having cottagers on the very beſt eſtabliſhment; for the ancient kind of cotters were but too often miſerably oppreſſed by the tenant, who exadted their bondages(ploughing and harrowing the ground, with the work of the whole family in ſeed-time and harveſt) with greater ſeverity than what the landlord forced from the tenant. As the ploughmen, in this diſtrict, receive their ſtated fee(wages), kitchen-money, livery-meal, and likewiſe the advantage [* 7434 advantage of having their maſters horſes ior drawing home their coals, and only pay 10 or 12 ſhillings per annum for their cottages and yards(indeed they have them often gra7is),. no oppreſlion can well take place: and they enjoy the bene- fit of having their wives, and ſuch of their children as are able to work in the fields, always at hand, who receive the common rate of wages, during hay-time and harveſt; and are likewiſe often employed in picking ſtones off the land, and pulling or cutting down weeds: ſo that both maſters and ſervants receive conſiderable benefit from this method. of accommodating their ſervants z and it rears up a moſt uſeful and healthy generation of labourers. Day-labourers are not generally allowed either meat or beer; ſometimes, in harveſt, they get a dram of zuP;/ep(malt ſpirits). Few or no ſervants are hired by the month, or harveſt= time although moſt of the farmers engage(a ſhort time before the harveſt) women to /Jeor(reap) their crop: but then tliey are paid by the day, or half-day, as the weather allows them to be employed. Almoſt any number of women can be got at a ſhort notice, from moſt of the towns; and it is n0 uncommon ſight to ſee from 20 to 60 reapers'in a field at once--fſometimes 80 or 100. The young reapers get leſs wages than the others for the firſt year, and few farmers like to employ them: but the large farmers find the neceſlity and propriety of training the women to ſhear. There are, of late, undertakers to be found for cutting down a farmer's crop, at 54.55. 64.=-695. or 65. 6d. per Scotch acre*, according to the apparent eaſe or difhiculty of the work. But the diligent farmer prefers hiring the reap ers, and ſuperintending them himſelf. * 55. per Scotch acre, about 35. I1344d. per Engliſh. acre. 55: 04.-- 45. 4d. 65.-- 45. 83d. 65. 6d.-- 55. 154. “Dhe E75 4 The following was the expence of cutting down a crop of 854 Scotch acres in 1795--about 1093 Engliſh acres: 18 women-ſhearers, 29 days; at 15. each ber. day»--- LEL8) 5011 0 3 bandſters(that 18, men for tying up the ſheaves), at 14d. each,= db 3 10 0 IEE DU INO 10 10 gallons of 2u»;/ey, at 49. 6d. per gallon (about 3 of a gill each per day),- 2,8770 MELIBG, 2081 10 652 ACTKEs, at 55. 624. per acte, 237. 155. 724. In that year, a woman ſcarcely reaped a Scotch rood per day: but in common ſeaſons, a woman's work may be rec= koned at a rood per day. Some farmers gave Is. for the harveſt, in place of a dram. In crop 1795, the money given was an additional penny to each per day, or 15. 6d. for the harveſt. The price of threſhing with flails uſed to be, 9d. per boll for wheat(Linlithgow-s. 4. 7 meaſure), about equal to IE IGL 22d. per buſhel,= E T1.0 94. per boll for barley(Stirlingſhire meaſure), about equalto- 0 114 12d. per buſhel,==- 1.0.1 D,-AWihclk 84. per boll for oats(Stirlingſhire| quarter. meaſure), about equalto- oo 19 11d. per buſhel,-- 0 10 84. per boll for peaſe(Stirlingſhire meaſure), about equalto- 1 24x 33 per buſhel,-- DEE 19] According E17 According to Mr. Vancouver's Report of Effex, the prices there were as follow: Per Buſy. Per Duart. Per Buſh. Per Duart. Wheat, 324. equal to 25. 69.--Clackm. price, 224. equal to 13. 62. Barley, 23- L8-- 1- L5'Q Oats, 335 P= 3 hu)-- IX= Oo 10 Pele 3= 284-- 13- DAZ Beans, 13- PZ The advantages ofthreſhing-mills are well underſtood in the fertile parts of this diſtri&, and are ſuppoſed to do the work at (or under) one third leſs expence than threſhing by the flail; but cheapneſs is often among the leaſt of their advantages. "The price of labour, in the vicinity of Stirling, 1s rather higher than in the other parts of the diſtrict. Roads.--The roads, in this diſtri&, were in general uncom- monly bad, except that running along the foot of the Ochills, which, though too narrow, is, for the greateſt part, pleaſant enough; but here and there it requires ſome alteration. As the ſoil is peculiarly well adapted for roads, a very little at- tention and expence might make this road, and keep it in excellent repair. The principal road, leading from Stirling to Dunfermline and Queensferry, runs near the water-ſide, through the greateſt part of this diſtrict. It was always remarkably bad z and, ſome years paſt, the great repair of heavy carriages, from the bleachfields and diſtilleries, had rendered it almoſt im- paſſable 3; when at length a turnpike-att was ſought for, and obtained in 1794- None were appointed truſtees but thoſe proprietors who had lands I1ying on the ſides of the roads, ſo that the direc- tion depended on a ſmall number of commiſlioners 3; and as many gentlemen were occaſionally out of the country, the principal care devolved on 3 or 4 truſtees- None of theſe being biaſled by any ſelfiſh views, they have vied with one another in condudting it, to the beſt of their judgment, for the public good. Two-thirds of the road are already com- pleted, [17708 pleted, and very generally praiſed3 although, from the inex- perience of the truſtees, they have been deceived by ſome of the contraCtors, and a few errors have eſcaped them: but as the gentlemen have gained ſome knowledge from expe rience, in all probability, few errors will be committed in making the other third of the road which yet remains to be formed. And as their zeal has increaſed with their know- ledge, it is probable that their paſt ſucceſs will induce them to extend their care towards every ſtatute-road that lies in their juriſdi&ion, and to put them under the beſt manage- ment: ſo that it is not unlikely, that this ſmall corner of a country, which has ſo long been notorious for the badneſs of its roads, may, in the courſe of a few years, become as famous for their goodneſs, conveniency, and beauty. In order to aſliſt the commiſlioners in judging of the con» traQs given in to them for making of the ſeveral parts of the roads, by aſcertaining the weight of ſtones(or metals, as they are generally termed by the Scotch road-makers), and the number of cart-loads it takes to finiſh a lineal yard of r02d of a given breadth--ſome yards of a road were made at a villa near Edinburgh. As the account may prove uſe- ful to others, I venture to give it as warranted by practice. The cart uſed was a common Mid Lothian cart, or ſuch a3 coals are generally carried in about Edinburgh. The length was 4 feet 5 inches, the breadth 3 feet, and the depth of it was 9 inches z ſo that it contained about 10 cu= bical feet, and weighed(the axle was iron) 65 cut. The road was metalled the breadth of 16 feet; and the depth of metals was 1 foot in the centre, tapering gently down to 9 inches on the ſides. 9 cart-loads weighed 5 tons 49 /b.(which is very near t2 cut. 18 /b. per cart): this quantity juſt finiſhed 3 lineal yards of road, of the breadth and depth aforementioned. The ſtones were taken from the heap at Leith-walk, where they are daily broken for repairing that road; and they were 25 ſmall as would permit them to paſs through an oval ring of 1X inch in its[ſmalleſt diameter. "The + 1.98 7 The 9 cart-loads coſt 99. which is nearly 15, 944. per ton; ſo that the materials, ready broken, coſt 3. per lineal yard, which is equal to 2641. per mile. The expence of carriage varies according to the diſtance of the pits or quarries from the roads, and the price of the hire of a cart per day. According to a paper in the Second Volum of the Muſeum Ruſticum, a loaded cart moves at the rate of 24 miles per hour.'Phe empty cart Ihould return in a ſhorter ſpace of time. If 8 hours are reckoned the time of a day's work, a cart can travel 20 miles, which is equal to 35,200 yards per day. But if allowance is made for filling and emptying the carts, no more than 18 miles, which is equal to 31,680 yards, can be reckoned on for the day's work. - The following Table,[hewing the number of times that a cart can go and return from the pits of gravel, or quarries of ſtone, according to the ſeveral diſtances, is found from experience to be tolerably exatt. It likewiſe ſhews the expence per lineal yard of road, according to the ſeveral prices of the hire of carts in this country. .(Number of Vimes||NumberofLi-||;. 5f Carriage according to the Diſtance Diſtanceſfron(Hat aOart goes Emm 2 the Price AEN Yard of a Road, at iE 8 LIES ELER IN IH ALE ferent Rates of the Hire of a Cart per Day. Yards.| Miles. iH EE day. ZU E 36 ENE day. ARC: 440| x|| 36 I2 o 226p.y4.10 37419 332-7419 44. 8825|+(| 18 6 OÖ"5 BIOMO 177 22.18 LZ20.| 44 F411402 4 0 75 014 0/ MIOHLDZ 11470 1760| 9 iZ O 10 TO EE I4*4 2200| 1511117 2. LIT 1 22. 0 15792 2640| 1|| 6 2"wp] x OL I 2:0 3080| xX|| 5 IF rs 1) 9x 12 1„56 7 3520| 2 4 one day IZ 18 2,-50:5 42: 54 2.8 5 the next 3960| 25| 4 IT I 10% 28 2,112... 075 280. 4400|.-2% IW 3. and 4 IF 6 3 MOOSE AO The fraßions, not inſerted in the Table, are ſo ſmall that they are not worth notice, KO 1: 708.4 Mr. Homer, who publiſhed near 30 years 290; a valuable treatiſe on roads, ſays, that, in Cheſhire, they uſe about 7505 tons of materials for a mile of road z 5. e. about 2 tons ACHE. to the lineal yard. By the account of the trial of the ſmall piece of road made nea Edinburgh, it took 1 ton and up- wards of 16 cwt. to make a lineal yard of road. This dif- ference probably ariſes from the different widths of the roads. The coſt of the materials in Cheſhire, about 15. 104. per. ton, was much about the ſame as in the trial near Edinburgh. The contratts for making of roads ſhould ſpecify the ßze of the ſtones: all of them ought to be broken ſmall enough to go through an oval ring of iron, of the ſige formerly men- tioned. This method is perfe&ly eaſy, as any of the truſ- tees(as well as the inſpeCtor of the roads) could carry the ring in their pocket, and the proof of the ſize oſ the ſtones is ready and expeditious; whereas the common pradtice in Scotland, is to aſcertain the ſize of the ſtone by its weight, which is extremely troubleſome, as well as fallacious. All the ſtones ought to be broken to their proper ſize at the quarry, or If the ſtones are picked off the land, the heaps ſhould be broken before any are allowed to be carried to the roads, otherwiſe the contradors may eafily deceive their employers, by laying on larger ſtones than the ſize ſpecified in the contrat, and covering them with the ſmaller ones. No contractors ſhould be employed but thoſe who bring undoubted certificates for their fidelity and knowledge in their profeſlion. Ignorant ar deſigning men often give in eſtimates at a low price; but ſuch generally turn out moſt expenſive in the end, and the road made by them never gives ſatisfaction to the truſtees or the public. Skilful inſpeC&ors are abſolutely neceſſary to ſuperintend the making of a given quantity of road; or Particular parts ef it, when completed, ſhould be dug up and examined. New lines ought to be preferred to the old tratts, if no en- Cloſures or other impediments intervene that would render this change too expenſive; for roads are always moſt eaſily X and [ 86] and completely made, when no interruption is given to the workmen by carriages br paſſengers. Foot-paths, of 3 or 4 feet in breadth, on each fide of the roads, are extremely uſeful, and ought always to be made, for many reaſons, fince beſides giving the conveniencey that foot-paſſengers are entitled to have, they preſerve the fences and crops of the adjoining fields from injury."The con- vexity of every road ought to be ſuch as is juſt ſuflcient to throw off the water into a ſmall grip, cloſe to the foot-path, which will ſerve to convey it to the loweſt part of the roads, where conduits ought to be placed underneath the foot paths, to carry it off into the ditches. The oppoſite ſketch will beſt explain the form of a good road. 'The box, as the road-makers in Scotland call that part that is dug out for laying the ſtones in, and which helps to- keep them in the middle of the road, is marked by the dot= ted lines. The common run of contraCtors are too often inclined to deceive their employers, in not reducing or lefſening ſuch pulls as occur in the road, according to their engage - Ments«. A very ſimple portable inſtrument has been lately made by Mr. John Miller, optician on the South Bridge, Edin- burgh, which enables the road-maker, and inſpettor, to aſcertain the ſeveral aſcents in the roads with greater faci- lity and preciſion than has hitherto been pradtiſed by moſt of them. A and B, two rulers of mahogany, joined in the ſame manner as a common foot-rule: in the leg A, a ſpirit level ;s inſerted; and the ivory arch C folds into the leg B, when put into the pocket. D is a rod of parallel ſurfaces, 10 feet in length, which is laid along the road, and made to bear on all its points- The inſtrument is then placed on the upper fide of the rod; and the leg A is brought to a leve), and the diviſions on the arch 1 IMK. iM 1 RK Es << GEREDE RS SG RB SIRI IS“ 1 MAD id Tn WZ EE 2 [. 81 I arch mark the number of inches of ariſe in the 10 feet. If 2 rod of 20 fcet is uſed inſtead of a rod of 10 feet, then each diviſion of the arch is 2 inches: if a rod of 30 fcet is uſed, then each diviſion of the arch is 3 inches. That this inſtrument may be rendered as eaſy and expedi- fious in the uſing of it as poſſible, and errors in calculation avoided, the road-maker, as well as the inſpeCtor, ought to have a Table, ſuch as the following, in his pocket-book. Table for the pocket-level, invented by Mr. John Miller, optician in Edinburgh, for aſcertaining the riſe of any pull in making of roads. 1 diviſion on the arch, equal to 1 inch in 10 feet, or 120 inches, anſwers to= 1footin 120 feet, 2 diviſions on the arch,-- I 60 3 diviſions ditto,.- a. I 49 4 diviſions ditto,--- I 30 5 diviſions ditto,-- 4507 24 6 diviſions ditto,- H- I 20 7 diviſions ditto,.- Z 50 1 17 3 diviſions ditto, Z De E 7 Is 9 divilions ditto, EE M; es 1 t32 10 diviſions ditto, D A M 1 12 11 diviſions dittoz;= 3 SI IEDS| 1021 12 diviſions ditto;=»-= T TO 13 divifions ditto,- u EBAM| 925 14 divifions ditto,=-- 1.- 15 diviſions ditto, S- SHE 8 16 diviſions ditto;=“-: I ve 17 divifions ditto, u- ZIT„4. 18 diviſions ditto,- 2;: 1 672 The river Forth encroaches on ſome parts of its banks in this diſtritt, and it occaſions conſiderable expence to defend the land from its depredations- In other parts, a large tract of very valuable ground might be obtained by proper em- bankments» [ 82] bankments. 200 or 3009 acres have been already gained; and thoſe who have laid out the money in effeCting this im- provement, have been well repaid for their riſk and trouble. In the year 1776, a very conſiderable embankment was made 3; and within the ſpace of 7 months from the com- mencement of the work, 431 arable acres, Scotch meaſure (about equal to 553 Engliſh acres), were gained to the country. The baſe of the bank was 46 feet at the bottom, 10 feet high, and 7 feet broad at the top. It had a ſlope of 2 feet for 1 in height, on the ſide next the river. The bank Was 1320 yards in length 3 and it meaſured upwards of 36,800 cubic yards: 915 of theſe conſiſted in the turf for defending the bank from the ſpray of the water; and the whole expence(including a ſluice, which coſt upwards of 36/1.) amounted to 805/. A farmer advanced the money for it 3; and for the firſt 5 years paid a boll of oats per acre, ' and for the next 12 years he paid 1/. 19. per acre; and it is now leß at the rate of 405. or 2 guineas per. acre. The tenant committed a great error in the management of this piece of land. He ploughed and ſowed the very firſt ſeaſon after it was embanked; whereas he ought to have allowed it to remain untouched, and the graſs that ſprung Vp would have been very luxuriant, and paid well in feeding of cattle: at the ſame time, the exuberant quantity of ſalt (for this ground, before embanking it, was overßowed every ipring-tide) would have been exhaled or waſhed away in 6 or 7 years, and then it might have been made arable to great profit. By tilling it too early, the grain, for the firſt 5 or 6 crops, was lodged, and luggy, and often ſpoiled. There have been about 30 Scotch acres of ſimilar land, adjacent to this embankment, that have been ſince taken in by a ſmaller bank. It is improper not to make the embankment rather Nronger than neceſſary, as that would ſecure it from any damage for many years 3; whereas a bank that is juſt ſuſffi- cient to keep out the ordinary preſſure of water, is apt to be gvyerthrown by any extraordinary high tides. No [2183.44 No irrigation is praCtiſed in this diſtrict, except in a ſmall ſpot in the Ochills, ſituated in the pariſh of Logie; and there the water is only thrown over the land, juſt before it is ploughed up from the graſs for oats. Many parts in this diſtri& might be flooded to great advantage; and there is a report, that one of the proprietors has a deſßign of ſhewing the advantages that may be obtained from it next ſeaſon. Ploughing Matches.--There is a club of farmers who meet four times a-year in Alloa, at which ſome of the pro- prietors of land in the neighbouring pariſhes, who are mem bers of the club, attend. About 12 years ago, the club eſta= blifhed ploughing matches, with moderate premiums for the beſt ploughmen. Some weeks before the ploughing matches took place, advertiſements were put up in all the pariſhes included in the diſtriQ of the club, on the church- doors and market-places, inviting every farmer to make his appearance on a particular day; and requeſting him to ſend an account to the ſecretary of the club, three days before the time appointed for the trial, of the number of ploughs that he intended to ſend. At the firſt trial, there were 238 ploughs that appeared on the field. Each ploughman was to plough two ridges z and a ridge was left unploughed between the ſeveral divi- ſons, in order that the judges might more readily diſtinguiſh each man's work. Stakes were ſet up on each lot; and ſmall pieces of board, on which the numbers were painted, tied to the top of the ſtakes. Similar numbers were put into a hat by the ſecre- tary, and the ploughmen drew them; and each ploughed the lot of the number that he had drawn--the ſecretary having taken down the ploughmen's names, and the number that each of them had drawn. The judges were farmers in the neighbourhood; but none of the judges were allowed to have any ploughmen as compe- titors for the prizes. They were not allowed to come near the d4 feld 544 4 Geld until every ploughwen bad left it; nor to ſce either the Ploughmen or their maſters, until they had formed their opi- nion, and made their report to the club, who were aſſembled at a public houſe in the neighbourhood. When the judges had given in their report, the ſecretary examined his liſt, in order to find out the ploughmen's names who had ploughed the numbers that were found entitled to the premiums. The firſt premium was 159. and a ſilver medal which coſt the club 155. The ſecond beſt ploughman was entitled to 157. in money z; the third got 1059.; and the fourth and fifth got 55. each. A good dinner was provided for the ploughmen in a neighbouring public houſe: but their keenneſs for priority made them inclined to diſputes, and therefore this pradice was altered; and now each ploughman, as ſoon as he has finiſhed his two ridges, gets a good fix-penny mutton- pie and a dram, and takes his horſes home without delay. "The gainer of the firſt premium is debarred from ploughing again in competition, until ſuch time as there ſhall have been as many ſilver medals given, as to make up a number ſuflicient for having a ploughing match on purpoſe for the victors. The club obje& to no kind of ploughs, or any number of horſes, as they are fully perſuaded, that thoſe with 4 or 3 horſes have little chance againſt the 2 horſe ploughs. At the firſt ploughing match, one of the members of the club had a good ſervant, who was however prepoſleſled in favour of 3 horſes in the plough, with a driver. The maſter ſent him to make the trial, in hopes of convincing him, and his other ſervants, of their inferiority: and it ſucceeded; the whole of them being ſo much aſhamed of this man's work, 238 to make them ever ſince reje& and give up aſking for a third horſe, or a driver. The club are anxious to procure farmers as judges, not concerned with the ſociety, in order to avoid giving the ploughmen any ground for ſuſpecting partiality. Mr. Hugh Reoch, tenant of the Hilton farm, in the pariſh pf Alloa, has the merit of firſt propoſing theſe comparative trials, 6 357 erials, and carrying them into execution: in which under. taking, he was warmly ſeconded by his brother farmers, as well as by his landlord. The benefit that has accrued ta the ſociety from theſe ploughing matches, is beyond the expedtation of the moſt Zzealous of their promoters: and the ploughmen of Clack- mannay-ſhire, from being notorious for their want of ſkill in tillage, are now reckoned among the very beſt in Scot land. The fields of the good farmers indeed appear culti- vated like gardens. Prejudices have ariſen in ſome counties againſt theſe comparative trials; the farmers alledging, that they tend to make the ſucceſsful ploughmen ſaucy and ſelf-conceited, and ready to ſeek higher wages. But theſe complaints are not known in Clackmannan-ſhire: on the contrary, competition has increaſed the number of good ploughmen, ſo that the farmers have greater choice; and the wages are kept within moderate bounds. Beſides, moſt of the beſt ploughmen being married, they are leſs inclined to change their places than unſettled men. Theſe ploughing matches raiſe ſuch emulation amongſt the youth, that a gentleman has aſlured me, that, when travelling along the r0ad, he has ſcen a young lad(who was ploughing without any perſon in the field with him), as ſoon as he came to the end of the furrow, ſtop and look back on his work; and on his perceiving part not done to his mind, that he imme- diately turned, took his plough to the ſpot, and endeavoured to reCtify the error with great earneſtneſs. The population of this diftriet, according to the Katiſtical account of the pariſhes given in to Sir John Sinclair, 15 very near 16,000 ſouls. Poor.=-I was in hopes to have been able to have given a very particular account of the number of poor aſliſted by the colle&tions at the church-doors, and other funds under the management of the ſeveral kirk-ſeſlions; but I have not yet been able to procure them, The different modes of managing the L 8367] the poor in Scotland from that adopted in England, makes 2 greater difference in carrying on rural bufineſs, and in its profits, than what is apprehended on the firſt view of it. When the religious houſes were ſuppreſſed in England, at the Reformation, the poor who had formerly received ſupport from them were left entirely deſtitute, and many of them muſt of courſe have ſuffered ſeverely. Their neceſli- ties became at length ſo Aagrant, as to excite an univerſal deſire of having them relieved: for which purpoſe many palliatives had been tried, without producing all the relief expetted from them; ſo that at length compulſatory laws were charitably, but unadviſedly adopted. The famous ads of the 14th(1571) and 43d(1600) of Elizabeth, which, upon the principles they aſſumed, were conſtrutted with an apparent cautious forethought; and yet experience has proved, that they were in fad two of the moſt pernicious Jaws that were ever made: and on the bafis of humanity, a ſyſtem has been reared, that conceals diſorder under the faireſt aſpeQ, which has now increaſed, and has become in- veterate by time, ſo as to be almoſt unſurmountable. In Scotland, the Reformation was attended with a kind of religious phrenſy; and the whole clerical order, regular and fecular, were ſwept away by one indiſcriminate torrent. A new order of clergy ſprung up in their place, who owed their Popularity to their religious zeal, and to the real or ſuppoſed fan&ity of their lives: and as the Apoſtles were the great mo- dels that they wiſhed, or pretended to imitate, they were of courſe earneſt in recommending to their hearers, the praCtice of Chriſtian charity, eſpecially alms-giving, as one of the moſt acceptable deeds in the eyes of the moſt high God. And as it was of ſuch importance to the clergy, that they ſhould guard againſt the appearance of an intereſted condu&t on their own part, they were cautious to put zhe evil thing away from them; and inſtead of receiving private donations themſelves, under the name of almoners, they inſtituted 2 tribunal of elders--men choſen ſrom among the people, on account [167 1 account of the diſtinguiſhed regularity of their behaviour, and their ſtrictly moral condutt, who ſhould have the ſole admi- niſtration of all money given in charity, under the controul only of the miniſter, and at length of the proprietois of the Pariſh. As it thus happened, that alms-giving, at the church- doors, continued to be conſidered as a meritorious thing in Scotland, there did not exiſt the ſame imperious call for compulſatory poor laws as in England; although the Scot- tiſh court, imitating, as uſual at that time, the practice of England, made ſome feeble attempts to introduce them. Many crude laws were indeed enated, but ſo evidently in= adequate for the purpoſe, that they were not, at that time, attempted to be carried into effe&. In 1579, there was an act, evidently borrowed from the 14th(1571) of Elizabeth: but this a&t being found inadequate, another ad, in 1592, was paſled, putting the power of enforcing the law into the hand of the Sheriff of each county. This expedient, however, having likewiſe failed, the act 1597 ordains the power to be granted to the kirk-ſeſlion. This coinciding more with the manners and ideas of the times, has been“moſt generally adhered to, and the kirk. ſeſlions have eſteemed it a moſt important truſt; and have accordingly regarded it as their duty, to be perfectly well acquainted with the ſituation and character of thoſe who ap= Ply for relief, and have aſliſted them in proportion, from the collections made at the church-doors, and other ſmall dues payable to the ſeſſion; which have been, for the moſt Part, found ſuficient for the purpoſe. The number of poor, who were formerly obliged to accept of common aſſiſtance, was but ſmall, in compariſon with thoſe who ſtood in need of oc- Caſional aſliſtance 3; and yet the kirk-ſeſlion, beſides Paying for the education of many young people, have, in many places, been able to lay up money againſt any uncommon calamity. The kirk-ſeilion of Alloa have been particularly attentive to the poor. The following Table is taken from the ſtatiſtical account of that pariſh. Z An An Average Account of the Pariſh Funds of Alloa, and the Number of Poor aſſiſted by them, taken on an Average of 15 Years, from 1700 to 1790, with the Average Price of Meal. ORDINARY POOR. PRICE OF MEAL. Total of Per-Edinb.|Per Clackm. Diſburſements. Fiars. Fiars. Amount of the Totai of the Colledions. Receipts. ſional Poor. on the Roll. Total Number of Strangers. Aſliſtance per| Total Aſſiſtance Head. given. Number of Names Number of Occa- 121 40 20 412808| 155 SU de 3 EZUD8 Z ds 0270811 1251 534.05 BE-Z0278 d. 12ths| 5. d. I12ths5 From 1701 to 1715]38 8 3 I 75.09 27800 2 1 T0418 TG 46 7 ISP& 0 1716t01730|49 X9 4 2 j|102 0 8 5 170.2. 6 86 30 ASEM I 5 T73L to 1743144 I8 7. ,2| 95 30 0 2 24 89 12 5 8 01 010 100 I8 6 IO IO I Q > DJ 1761 t0 1775156 14 8 Ix|323 8 G I3 125 16 DZ IT 1776t0 1790159 3 8 5 I80 210 I3 151 7150 509.4 "The account from which this abſtra& is taken, affords many particulars worthy of obſervation: but they were found too numerous for that work, or for this. In general, the poor ſeem to have increaſed when the price of meal was high: but although the price was ſoon reduced to its com- mon average, it was two or three years before the poor were reduced to their ordinary number. In ſome years, the pro- portion of poor rather increaſed, although the price of meal was moderate.; The amount and benefit of the colle&ions at the church- doors, prove the propriety of that method of gathering alms. 'The diminution in their amount, that began to take place about the year 17345 was probably occaſioned by the Seceſ- ſion from the church; for the colleCtions at the meeting-bouſes were never taken by the pariſh-managers, and the funds muſt conſequently have ſuffered ſomewhat. The aſliſtance given to the paupers on the ordinary liſt, was 16d. per month. This ſupply, at firſt view, will appear very inade- quate; and yet there is no tradition of the poor having been negleCted, or of their ſuffering greater diſtreſs than in the preſent times. About the year 1720, a larger allowance was given in extraordinary caſes: but the 164. per month was continued as the uſual aſliſtance until the year 1776, when the applications for farther help from the kirk-ſeſſion became ore frequent and preſling; ſo that the miniſter was induced to apply to the heritors, and the reſt of the pa- riſhioners, for ſome enlargement of the ſupply, and for aid to prevent ſtrolling beggars from preying on the pariſh: in conſequence of which, an annual contribution was cheer- fully, but moſt unadviſedly agreed to, and liberally ſub- ſcribed for. Moſt of the occaſional poor, at that time, were thought proper objets to be put on the ordinary lift. Such of. the poor as are thus aſſiſted, are however obliged to ſub- ſcribe a writing, making over to the heritors and kirk-ſeſlion, all their little clothes and moveables, which, at their death, are ſold for the increaſe of the fund. This regulation is in- tended [2 900 tended to cut off all improper application for charity from thoſe who can ſupport themſelves. Thoſe whoſe caſual diſ- treſs or misfortunes require the public aid, are now put on the occaſional(temporary) liſt; and remain for a longer or ſhorter time, according to the period of their diſtreſs. This fund is managed by a committee of the ſubſcribers, choſen every half-year, by the heritors and kirk-ſeſion. At the ſame time, all of them are made welcome to attend the monthly meetings, and are requeſted to give information and advice. The regular care and attention that have been Paid by the committee, will be ſeen by the ſubjoined Table. Of late years indeed, the trouble has moſtly devolved on the Kirk-feſlion. 4 particular A particular Account of the Number of the Ordinary and Occaſional Poor in the Pariſh of Alloa, and the 41:7 ance gzven to them per Annum, taken on an Average of 15 Years, from 1776 0 1790*. Average of Males. Average of Females, Aver. of Child. “4 8 8 S A[2 In.“a Ä 2-z Z="D 2 ES ED ß R 25- Aver. Aiſt. Total Aiſt,||Aver. AGEN ZE| 5| 5 8 IEE 162&>m|> 68= per Ann. given. per Head.|| S 5=[Z,= 2 9-2[I 2 D EE D per Head. 1ER SE 0:21 74M0 2.238(M8 2|52 S1 S6 22[15|S.I D-21228 TE|6 S(E 2 EVD 2 4. 4&« us le) 12 9 a- us in in un 5| Ordinar„[e] Ei p> in iy a] 1»: bs en| En„ ER peil, Ie TITNx80 27 2 09L14: 6 8ir4 9| 3 I1] 4 12|28 2||14 9135 9136 13| 87 Tjj15 7115 14/31 G6llr46 14| I 4 6 Occaſional ditto, 36|| 30 rx 5 R M ETON 54.5.3022 71174 E41 9 141207 SI 453 305 1115. 6110 711 75 7 F47|[210 13 7 9 29 Sj10 Gjr0 Iocl;zo 9129 8|45 8157 31132 4||20 8121|4x L13|1224 6 * The price of meal, taken on average of theſe fiars, 135. 9d. 7-12/bs per boll, T5 years, is, per the Clackmannan-ſhire fiars, 135, 94. 10-1215; and per the Edinburgh Aa [8] 9248) The uſual allowance given to a pauper, on the ordinary liſt, is 35. der month*. This allowance, though it may ap- pear ſcanty to ſuch as have never thought on the ſubject, is rather ample, when compared with that given in 1691. Meal was then almoſt the only food of the poor 3; and the price of it, taken on an average of 25 years, was, by the Mid-Lothian fiars, 119. per boll, or 84d. per peck. The wages of a labourer was then from 54. to 64. per day. They now get from 10d. to IS.; and, in all probability, they get more conſtant employment; and the price of meal, by the ſame fiars and average, is 149. 33d. per boll, or 1034. per peck. Nor do the poor any longer depend ſolely on meal for their food, as that moſt agreeable and nouriſhing root, the potatoe, is every where raiſed in great quantities; and is happily become the“ ſuſtenance of the poor, and luxury « of the rich+." The medium price of potatoes here, is from 4d. to 5d. per peck 3; weighing full 20 /b. Dutch weight, about equal to 212/56. Avoirdupois. It is believed, that none of the crude ads relating to the Poor, were ever attempted to be carried into execution prior to the year 1740. The inclemency of the weather, and the ſcarcity that followed it, were probably moſt ſeverely felt by the poor; which circumſtance induced ſome benevolent, but ill-adviſed men, in particular pariſhes of a few of the ſouthern counties in Scotland, in order to oblige abſent he- ritors to contribute their quota towards aſſiſting the poor in their uncommon diſtreſs, to ſeek for, and aCually to get im= * By an account of the out-poor of Birmingham, with the weekly allow- ance given to each of them, publiſhed in 1786, it appears, that one with another, the out-poor do not receive quite Is. each per week. +“ The ſcaly herd, a num'rous throng, « Beneath her ſilver billows glide alongs << Whoſe ſtill increaſing ſhoals ſupply, <«'The poor man's wants, the great one's luxury. See SOMERVILE'S Fable of the Two Springs. poſed, """*ECCCCeeeee D. 93] poſed, a poor rate on the inhabitants, under theſe ſuppoſed ads, which were acquieſced in. Theſe pariſhes, and ſome others near the borders of England, are now aſſeſſed; which innovation has brought on ſome diſputes about ſettlements, and other diſagreeable circumſtances ever attendant on poor rates. Applications from paupers.to the Sheriffs of theſe counties are daily increaſing 3; and the Sheriffs have found little diſiculty in giving their decrees, although the various ſtatutes claſh with one another in almoſt all the material circumſtances. Indeed, few of the cauſes about the poor have ever been fairly ſtated before any of the courts. Of late, however, ſome Sheriffs have ſtepped over all bounds, and have taken upon them, not only to order paupers to be admitted on the poor roll of particular pariſhes, but even have decreed the quantum of aliment to be paid to them z although this condutt is dire&tly contrary to the ſuppoſed laws relating to the poor, and the clear opinion delivered by ſeveral of the Judges of the Court of Seſlion from the Bench, ««'That Sheriffs have no power to order what money ſhould << be given to a pauper, as the matter of diſtribution Jde jure, << as well as from expediency, belongs to the heritors and « kirk-ſeſlion.*--It is much to be regretted, that any ſingle pariſh ſhould, with ſuch inadvertence to the conſequences, have tamely acquieſced in a poor rate, as this“s has induced <« many to believe, that theſe antiquated laws are undoubt- << ediy binding at preſent. This, however, would be a very «< fallacious inference from the fad: for if the people, in <« any diſtri, ſhall ſubmit to an aſſelment, however ille- « gal, without applying in a proper manner for legal redreſs, <“« who can hinder them? The judges zre not to go about « like knights-errant, to ſeek adventures. It is enough, if « they afford protection to thoſe who proper/y claim it: and « there is not yet on record, a ſingle inſtance of a ſolemn « deciſion of the ſupreme Court of this nation, in which the <« real merits of this cauſe were at iſſue. I have never in- < deed [1'946] “c deed heard of an attempt to reſt this claim of protedion on “« its only ſure footing, that of the obſolete nature of a// the << Jaws reſpeCting, poor rates, except in my own caſe z and « there the.deciſion was alone prevented from taking place, “« by the purſuers abandoning. their cauſe*. Great praiſe is ſurely due to Dr. James Anderſon, for his ſpirited reſiſtance againſt the aſſeſſment attempted to be im- poſed in the pariſh of South Leith. His motives were truly Patriotic; and he might. juſtly pride himſelf, on« leaving << the inveſtigation of the poor laws of Scotland as a legacy << to his countrymen, that when he was gone, it might remain “« as a memorial that he had not lived in vain. In the aſlement of South Leith, there was ordered to be Jevied one ſhilling in the pound of real rentz which was found:to amount to upwards of 700/. per annum, although the greateſt alleged deficiency of the poor's fund did not ex- ceed 5o/."The Sheriff of Edinburgh had found Dr. Ander- ſon liable for his ſuppoſed quota of the aſleſlment, with expence of proceſs,&'%c. This judgment was brought be- fore the Court of Seſlion: and the bill of advocation was ſo ably drawn by Dr. Anderſons Advocate, Mr. Archibald Fletcher, that the purſuers did not attempt anſwering it; and thereby, perhaps prudently, choſe to abandon the cauſe, and thus prevented. a diſcuſlion on this very important na- tional queſtion. However, the aſlelment for the pariſh'of South Leith was completely overturned: and. the aſſiſtance given to the poor, is now again placed under the old manage- ment of the kirk-ſeſſion 3; nor is the ſufferings of the poor alleged to be greater now, than what they were while ſuch 2 large aſleſlment*"as diſtributed among them. Being obliged to be abſent for ſome days from Edinburgh, I requeſted a friend to take the trouble of reviing what I * See Dr. Anderſon's valuable Letters on the Poor Laws of Scotländ, in- Sorted in the I8th volume of the Bee, had [0954] had ſaid concerning the management of the poor. As his ſentiments, on this important ſubject, perfe&tly coincide with my own; he was ſo kind as to favour me with the following refleCions; which, as they are ſo much better expreſſed than what I was able to do, I ſhall make no apology for offering to the public. Though ſome objeCions may ſtill lie againſt the mode of managing the poor, and the means of providing for them, purſued in this as well as in other diſtricts of Scotland, yet we have, upon the whole, a much preferable ſyſtem to that Jong ago introduced into England, and now eſtabliſhed, too firmly perhaps for the chaſteſt efforts to alter or amend it with facility and effe&.--Unleſs habits of induſtry and fru gality be cheriſhed and prevail among the lower orders of ſociety, it muſt be very diflicult, if not impoſlible, to prevent the increaſe, or to better the condition, of the poor. In- duſtry is excited, not by the mere abſence of wants, but by a reaſonable proſpe& of ſupplying them: in the ſame man- ner, frugality is encouraged, if the exerciſe of it produce comfort, the negled&t of it wretchedneſs. Hope and fear, if poſſible, ſhould, in theſe reſpedAs, be equally balanced; and ſhould be made to ariſe from perſonal condu&t, not from gratuitous relief either by the public or individuals. If, on the one hand, there be not ſufhcient hope that exertion and prudence will be rewarded with comfort, and if, on the other hand, Noth and improvidence have no fears of not ob- taining a ſcanty ſubſiſtence, they are placed too nearly on a footing of equality; for no man can be expeted to prefer toil and parſimony, unleſs he has a moral certainty of reap- ing the fruits of them. Hence there is little doubt, but that all ſyſtems of extraneous relief, except in caſes of ſudden, un- foreſeen, and unavoidable calamities and indigence, tend to degrade the character of the poorer orders of ſociety, and to repreſs a proper ſpirit of diligent and ſucceſsful exertion.--- Bb There fn 06 There is much reaſon to. apprehend that the- ſtate of the poor, and poor laws, in England, have been occaſioned, in a great degree, by not paying due attention to the above ob- vious principles. In this country, by the lower people, in compariſon with the ſame claſs in England, having beſtowed upon them more generally good education(not religious inſtruction merely, but reading and writing, which acquirements enable them readily both to receive and communicate knowledge, and ſo improve their minds) by their induſtry having full freedom to be exerciſed in any diſtri& of the country, and not being confined within the bounds ol their pariſh, as is too often the caſe in England, in order to prevent a new family from coming on the poor rates 3; from their more frugal habits, and their conſidering, that, in the days.of ſound health and of full employment, it is their duty and intereſt to provide againſt the deſtitution which may happen from accidental diſeaſe, 2 large family, or old age; from their wages being more in proportion to their wants, not in reſpe& to the amount of theſe wages, but by reaſon of their more 02C0N0« mical mode of life, and from many of them, particularly huſ= bandry labourers, receiving a part of them in vivres, or articles of food; from their more general feeling of honeſt indigna« tionatthe idea of permitting themſelves, or their relations and friends*, to depend on public charities, often reluCtantly given, becauſe often difficulty ſpared and ill beſtowed; from the proviſion made to the poor being! invariably, and moſt properly, leſs than the gains obtained by fair labour fponta- * Nor do thoſe who ſtand in need of ſupply, ſuffer by depending Pprinci» pally, as the Scotch do, on the beneficence of their friends;--perhaps they rather gain ſomewhat. „.==zzit De pDaupertate tacentes, « Plus poſcente ferent. Diſtat, ſumaſne pudenter, “« An rapias- Atqui rerum caput hoc erat, hic fons." HoRAT. neouſly Ke 97| neouſly exerted, and conſequently from there being no temp- tation here, as elſewhere, to become poor; and perhaps from other cauſes, we have moſt happily leſs to dread from a ſpread of poverty, and its numerous train of dire conſequences. «« Sapiens horum << Utrum imitabitur"=== Hogar. APPENDIX APPEN.DINX. No. I. Anſwers to Mr. Erftines Queries, by Mr. Mair, in the Order of the Sueries« I. Ma. MOIR?s lands, except a ſmall part held blanch of the crown, are held of the Duke of Argyll. He has about 100 acres under culture: the remainder, about 400 acres, though a conſiderable part of it is arable, and bore good crops, has for a Jong time been under paſure. The lands properly called Hillfoot, pay yearly to his Grace,“ 161. Scots money) c« 21 ſtone cheeſe, 6 ſtone butter: theſe to be delivered yearly in the Caſtle of Camp- «< bell, there to be conſumed and diſpoſed of; or at leaſt to pay 594. Scots for each « ſtone of ſaid cheeſe that ſhall not there be made uſe of, and 1095. Scots for each «c ſtone of ſaid butter that ſhall not be diſpoſed of and conſumed within the ſaid « Caſtle-Campbell: Together with two chalders of oats, for feeding horſes; to be de- «« livered yearly in the granary of Campbell." The entry of an heir is taxed at 51. Scots, and the herezeld at 5 merks. Mr. Moir's lands of Lochiefaulds, Bog, and Drymie, were a ſeparate property, and have a very peculiar holding... They pay to the Duke yearly,“ 335. 4d. Scots, e« with 1 boll and 3 firlots barley: Likewiſe the proprietor ſerving and ſupplying the « work and labour of the iron-inſtruments vf the plough, by which the lands in the « ſaid Lordſhip of Campbell are cultivated; with axes to ſerve in the kitchen or « lardner, for Nlaughtering the ſaid Dukes marts: and the proprietor ſhall have the << heads of all the ſaid Duke's marts which ſhall happen to be ſlaughtered in his ſaid « Caſtle of Campbell, or at Stirling." The feu-duty is doubled upon the entry of an heir. Mr. Moir's predeceſſlor, in 1782, obtained a leaſe from the Duke of Argyll, of the oats, at 2/. 1745. L1d. Scots per boll*; which was found to be their value at an average of 17 years preceding, being what is called grey oats, or horſe-corn.- Before leaving this ſubje&, it may be obſerved, that, of old, the Biſhop of Dun keld had ſome property, and was ſuperior of part of the pariſh of Dollar; and * Correſponding to 45. 9344. Sterling per boll, or 655-5. per quarter. A the 02| the Family of Argyll held the lands of Hillfoot and other lands in feu, from theſe Biſhops. They appear to have acquired the ſuperiority at the Reformation. Thev held their property in the neighbouring pariſh of Muckhart from the late Biſhop of It. Andrews, and acquired the ſuperiority in the ſame manner. The oldeſt charter Mr. Moir is in poſleſlion of, is granted by Archibald Earl of Argyll to John Paton, in 1569: but there muſt have been older charters, as this is a renewed one. c From different circumſtances, it is preſumed, that the original feu may have been> at the end of the 1400, or beginning of the 1500. This is quite a diſtin& Property from what is called the Feus of Dollar. Till of late, the Duke had no property in the pariſh, except the farm of Craiginnan, above the Caſtle, and the farm of Kirkſtyle. But of late, he has made ſeverab pur- chaſes: particularly a conſiderable part of the bank of Dollar, to the eaſtward of the village 3; the mill, and ſome[mal] pieces of land adjoining to Dollar. The chief feus, excluſive of Hillfoot, are what are called the Mains of Dollar. Theſe lands are divided into eight rooms; and were feued out by the Marquis of Argyll, by contrat with the poſleflors, in 1605. Theſe poſſeſlors ſeem to have been, before that period, what were termed in Scotland kindly tenants; but had no ſettled te- nure of poſſeſion. Their feu-duties conſiſt moſtly of grain, which they pay by the Stirling-ſhire-meaſure, and deliver either at Caſtle-Campbell, Stirling, or Pow of Al. 10a. But of late, the Duke, by an agreement with the feuars, takes money, at the rate of 10d. above the Clackmannan-ſhire«fiars. The rents, in the pariſh of Dollar, are all paid in money. es; The teinds are valued in money. There is a ſmall ſurplus above the ſtipend modi- fed to the miniſter, which is paid to the Duke of Argyll as Titular. The miniſter's ſtipend 1s partly grain, partly money. But in caſe of an application for an augmen- tation, it is thought the Court, from their preſent praCtice, will give the miniſter the whole valued teind. II. No lime has yet been diſcovered in the pariſh worth working. But there is 2 valuable rock at Hollburn, in the neighbouring pariſh of Muckhart, about two miles | trom the village of Dollar.. This rock is extenſive; and partly the property of the | Duke of Argyll, and partly the property of Mr. Bruce of Cowden.- The quantity wrought, of late, has not been great; and the moſt of the ſtones wrought were pur- chaſed raw by Mr. Moir, at 39. the ton(2200/65. weight to the ton). The diſtance to his farm 1s 3 mile and a half. In 1791 and 1792, the Dollar Coal-company, who have a leaſe of the Duke of Argyll's ime-rock along with the coal, burnt what lime they wrought, and ſold it in Hells at 19. the boll, peaſe-meaſure, which is nearly the ſame with the wheat. Mr. Moir purchaſed lime at Tinnygaſk and Glaßybarns, both in Dunfermline pariſh, and between two and three miles eaſt of Saline, at 15. 94. per ton. This lime 18 of a ſuperior quality. The roads to theſe quarries are bad; and, on that account, the demand for the lime, from any diſtance, is but trifling. Mr. Moir hired the car- riage of moſt of what he purchaſed from the rock to Blairingone, and paid 5. per ton. He carried it ſrom that to the farm with his own horſes; and aſter burning itz, DY, M3.-J] by the moſt exact calculation, he did not find the boll of ſhells to exceed 19. 74. on the ground. It takes about 69 ſtones Trone*, or two carts Dollar chow-coal, to the ton burning. Theſe pay on the hill 642. per cart. The beſt lime produces fully two bolls of ſlacked from each boll of ſhells: but the poor and inferior lime falls ſhort. Hillfoot is ſomething more than two miles from Blairingone. Gart-Whinzean lime-quarry is four miles from Dollar, and very bad road. The lime there is all burnt by the proprietors, and ſold in ſhells at 19. per boll. It is not a ſtrong lime, and goes moſtly to Strathearn. The expence of eighty bolls ſlacked lime, computing two bolls to the boll of ſhells, is 2 /. Sterling at the kiln of Hollburn. Mr. Moir hired the carriage of ſome that he purchaſed there, for which he paid 44. the boll of ſhells; ſo that the whole expence of eighty bolls llacked lime, laid down on the farm, is 2/. 1385. 4d. Many ſkilful farmers are of opinion, that, for graſs-grounds, and where it can be done on ploughedjand, the be& way of uſing lime, is to ſpread it hot from the kiln, without being Nlacked at all, as the water takes from the energy of the lime; and when it becomes ſo very ſmall and light, it blows in ſpreading, and is frequently hurtful, both to ſervants and horſes; as well as furniture. The hot lime gives a powerful ſpring to vegetation, eſpecially in Nuggiſh land that had not been formerly wrought. Me Moir's dry-ſtone dykes, of five feet high, coſt him 10-. the rood building, when he win and drove the ſtones z and when he contradted for every thing, he paid 495. The ſtones were moſtly taken out of the neighbouring fields under improve- ment, but required blowing. The grounds Mr. Moir has been improving, having been moſtly taken from a Rate of nature, and his horſes and ſervants engaged in different works connected with theſe improvements, he could not ſay what expence the ploughing and dreſfling the acre came to“ Some of the land being coarſe, from its having lain long under water, and greatly infeſted with raſhes and ſprats, required frequent ploughings. As he wiſhed to bring the whole into artificial graſfles and. paſture as ſoon as-he could, and did not find them foul, he fallowed but very little. His general plan was to clear away the ſtones, drain thoroughly, and then plough for a crop of oats,. ſowing a boll an acre; which, where the land was tolerable, produced ſrom ſix to eight bolls the acre. When the oats were reaped, the land was immediately ploughed with a deep furrow, and lay over till ſpring, when it was croſs-ploughed, and afterwards harrow- ed, and prepared with other two furrows for barley and graſs. Beſides the lime men- tioned above T, there was generally laid on theſe lands under preparation for barley and graſs, about fiity-ordinary carts of dung to the acre||. A ggpod deal of this dung, is purchaſed at Dollar, at fix-pence the cart: and ſuppoſe ſix-pence for carriage, that * Upwards of 174 cwt. Avoirdupois.+ Rood of 36 ſquare-ells is rather better than 37 Engliſh yards. 4 80 bolls per Scots acre correſponds nearly to 262 buſnels per Epgliſh acre.(|. Correſponding to 14 cart= toads, of 36 buſbels each. cart, per Engliſh acre, 18 a 1 is fifty ſhillings the acre*, added to the expence of the lime: but fix-pence for car-- riage 15 perhaps too little. The barley fown was 12 pecks to the acre--Graſs ſeeds: a firlot of rye-graſs, 10 pounds red clover, 6 pounds white clover, 2 pounds yellow clover, and a ſmall quantity of rib-graſs. Where the ground was coarſe, the quantity of rib-graſs was increaſed, and that of ſome of the other ſeeds diminiſhed.- The barley ſo raiſed, has hitherto proved a very good crop: but the objedt chiefly in view, wz. the graſs, has ſucceeded to full expettation; the hay-crop averaging 300 ſtones an acre+, and the paſture the following year very good. I tried the experiment of fowing drilled potatoe and turnip on part of that new ground, which had been kept always wet by ſprings and water that fell on the higher grounds, and both ſucceeded ſurprifingly.; particularly the turnip: but the land, after being drained, was frequently ploughed, pretty well reduced, and thoroughly dunged. Barley and graſs-ſeeds, with lime, followed the potatoe and turnip, which proved very good crops. i The Stirling-Mhire-meaſure is the only one uſed in buying and ſelling grain in that part of the country. The expence of the proceſs of diviſion among the ſeuars of the Mains was very great: but the preciſe ſum is not yet, I believe, aſcertained; there being a law-proceſs in dependence between the feuars and James Moriſon, as to his account for the ſur- veys and laying off the different properties, which they think too high. The land, at the foot of the hill, is, in many places, very wet, and thought unfit for culture. I obſerve this to ariſe from two cauſes: 1ſL, Springs not attended to, and allowed to ſpread to a great diſtance. 2dly, Rain falling on the higher grounds, and running down on theſe below, by which, in many places, they were not only ſoured, but became perfe& moraſſes. As to water that came from the higher grounds, whether occaſioned by ſprings or rain, I cut a large drain from eaſt to weſt, immediately above the fields I intended to improve. This had the effed to colle& all that water; and then I carried it off to what is called the Kelly-burn, by a croſs-drain from north to ſouth. And as to ſprings within the improving felds, I carried them off by ſunk drains. By theſe means, and the ploughings, land formerly almoſt uſeleſs by wet, except for ſome coarſe graſs in the drought of ſummer, are now excellent, ſweet, dry paſture: and it 1s no exaggeration to ſay, that theſe fields, which were ſo wet, are now worth eight times their former value J./ I formed the funk drains in the arch-way, and laid ſmall ſtones immediately above; then fail, with the green ſide undermoſt, or long ſtraw 3; after which, the earth dug out of the drain, to the depth of ſomething more than a plough-furrow. The reaſon ' of uſing the fail, or raw, 15 to prevent the earth from getting through the ſtones into the drain. I formed a great many of theſe drains, which empty large quantities of water 3; and none of them have failed in any degree. * Correſponds to 635. 6d. per Engliſh acre.+ Correſponding nearly to 2 ton 9 cwt. per Engliſh acre. 4 508."per acre. No. IL A Letter to a Gentleman in Berkſhire, on the Mode of Paying Mages for Day-labour. wee KER DEAR SIRy 1 RETURN you many thanks. for your favour, encloſing me a Table, ſhewing at one view, what ſhould be the weekly income of the poor, as ſettled by the Magiſtrates for the county of Berks, in May 1795 3; with your explanation of it. The wages of day-labour, at the rate of 6 or 7 ſhillings per weck, was certainly in- adequate to the neceſſities of the labourer. I imagine that there has been little or no alteration in thoſe rates for theſe 30 or 40 years- Prices reduced to Wincheſter Meaſure*. Per Duarter. Per Buſhel. In the year 1755, the annual price of the beſt wheat in Windſor market was--- EIR GET IE SEBENT! Middling wheat,---- DR68 0: 2,14 And the price of wheat in the ſame market, taken on SAE. Os an average of 25 years, was for the beit,- G 3 AIDE Middling wheat,<- w| bga ls DEES] In the year 1792, the annual price of the HEMZWNEAr:> 218 02. 015.507 Middling wheat,---- ZO WEIN ONEN WOS And the price, on an average of 25 years--the bEtZ 9240 2423.1023 014,6 187: Middling wheat,--=- 29190 0:4. 54-405 The year 1792 is fixed on, becauſe I unluckily have no later date of the prices taken by Eton College in Windſor market. If wheat is to be the criterion by which the adequate price of wages is to be judged; the very firſt view ſhews plainly, that the rate is inadequate for the neceſlaries of life. If 43 pence(39. 74.) give 72 pence(69.), what will 70 pence(58. 10d.), the price of a buſhel of wheat, give?--47/. 117 pence(99- 94d.) wages per week. Or, if 43 pence give 84 pence, what will 70 pence give.=-Anſ. 136 pence(1195. 4d.) wages per week. * The meaſure in Windſor market, is 9 gallons to the buſhel: ſo one-ninth is deduted, to reduce the price of the beſt wheat to the Wincheſter buſhel; and then one-ninth is dedudted, to aſcertain the price of middling wheat. Smith's Corn Tras. B 1 perceive EJ] I perceive that the meeting of the Magiſtrates at Speinham-land, on the 6th May 1795, had proceeded on the plan of the Rev. Mr. Davies's(of Barkham) publication*. As you probably have the book, it is needleſs for me to trouble you with large ex- tradts from it: but as ſome parts are neceſlary to be mentioned, I beg leave to repeat a part of the ſixth ſection(page 115.), for regulating the price of day-labour by the price of bread.' « For this purpoſe, nothing more is requiſite than the average-number of perſons in a family, the quantity of bread ate by them weekly, and the weekly amount of other expences ſhould be aſcertained. This being done, a ſcale of day-wages << might be calculated; and ſo adapted to the Table of the price of bread, as to ſhew «“« at ſight, the wages correſponding to any particular price. «« For inſtance, let it be ſuppoſed, that the expences of a family of five perſons, the <<“ mean number in ſuch parts of the kingdom where the wheaten bread is in common « uſe, amount to 26/. per annum, or 105. per week. « On looking at the abſtradt of accounts, page 18. we find, that the bread alone, of ſuch a family, requires a trifle more than 4 ſhillings; conſequently, all other ar- ticles taken together, including the annual out-goings, require the remaining 6 ſhil- « lings. But we may regard the amount of theſe other articles as a given /um, that <« will not vary very much in many years. Allow therefore 6(ſhillings a-week to anſwer all the wants of a family, bread excepted. « Suppoſe now that the certified price of wheat is 4 ſhillings per buſhe]l, Wincheſter << meaſure; the allowance to the baker for baking, 1 ſhilling 3; both together, 5 ſhil- « lings. In the Table of the price of bread(Stat. 31. Geo. II.), the price of the half. «“« peck loaf, houſehold, correſponding to 5 ſhillings the buſhel of wheat, is 834. «« A family of üve perſons will require five ſuch loaves weekly, the value of which 1s “« 35. 62d.: add tothis, the given amount of all other articles, 695.; and the whole <« weekly expence comes to 95. 63d."This ſum, then, the family ought to earn «<« among them. Suppoſe the wife and children to earn 1 ſhilling a-week, then the «“< huſband, it is plain, ought to receive in this caſe, for his week's labour, 85. 63d. 3 << which, divided by 6, the-number of work-days in a week, gives 15. 5. per day." From this data, the encloſed Table is made out. Mr. Davies, in his calculations, ſtates 102. per gallon for flour, which price is equal to 5 ſhillings the buſhel of wheat; ſo that, by this account, he thinks that a labourer ſhould earn 107 buſhels of wheat per annum, which, at 55. per buſhel, is 26/. 154. Per annum. In November 1795, there was a meeting of day-labourers, belonging to the pariſhes of Heacham, Snettiſham, and Sedgford, in Norfolk; where it was urged, that as the « „. « - [4 - « „. „ « - - * Without entering into any diſcuſſion, whether Mr. Davies's idea is right or wrong, I cannot but condemn the proceedings of the Juſtices, in ordering the ſurplus-money above the common wages, that they thought neceſſary to be given to ſuch labourers as had numerous families, to be paid out of the poor's rates. In my opinion, it is at once putting an end to all induſtry;“ becauſe when once a poor man is obliged to have re- << courſe to the pariſh, he thinks it no greater diſgrace to be bebolden to it for a crown than a ſilling; and << therefore, when he cannot wholly ſupport himſelf by labour, he will not care how little he contributes << towards it. See page 261. of Kent's Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property. Jabovrer Fas Jabourer is worthy of his hire, the price of labour ſhould at all times be proportioned to the price of wheat, and therefore ought to be regulated by the average-price of that great ſtaff of life. They declared, that when the price was 141. the laſt, day-wages ought to be 19. 2d. per day. The laſt is 84 buſhelsz ſo 14/. the laſt, is 35. 4d. the buſhel, or 1/. 65. 8d. per quarter. By this declaration, the labourers have given it as their opinion, that they ought to earn 110 buſhels of wheat in the year. This agrees ſurpriſingly with Mr. Davies's 107 buſhels. The labourers have declared, that they ought to receive as wages, one penny per day for as many pounds as the laſt of wheat ſells for. The following Table, made out with that view for Mr. Davies's calculations, ſhews, that as long as the price of wheat does not exceed 45. 6d. the buſhel, or 18/. 89. the laſt, that the labourers calculation is pretty juſt. TABLE for proportioning the Rate of Day-wages to the Price of W heat. WADE>35 3 z I 24 SS SINE 108 78= 5 EE 0202 822 88 2€ FE) MEZ DT 208„15454 S= RD AP. 24578 8S 87- 5 802 S22| 28 8 EEE IE SARGE SERIE BES ZILLE: Sit Ser 11208 8 S 3 DSE [M[22907[-V[.t[M E SETA GE: 2: DELICA A UU SCI 1 D18.10,8 203000 SEN ONI T45 AUSO) HNA I05 50) Ti0:4 pl| 26) 2:50 M 3607 1.D,,0600 LI8; 18|k24660 6,40 4.-E11:0x EGON 2214 O2NS2151.05 0.140 Ga bOk ZIEETE: SUO Zihwdn 23»; Zuk LT 7: Oud 8 0.2004 21. Su 255 44) 20-7 0070 1619 031F0412 2. 1221:270..08.2.-..3 85.001 5602411. 2.0/| 2,403|120...0.1.2. 5 810.61" 10 IUS W3IEBON(WIITELON| 927 17 (5 5 2008 1 WE SE O0 21.240) 4334.27 30 O9 00) ELA EDE 20 8021935 16402355 1-4(2 I7 WON.+O)(+24: 0 O4 OU ZAT2 93710.1/3 7 19 0102-7 07 6513916(“2091813+3 DI(0 9P22NZ2 TOO IF AIM OUNAZ VOF[132050 BEEN OU 22222 TO LOB AN 4417 44,--220.32..08 129.0: 1121 75 LEO 1042781940: 4| 340 EON 24 NE 01147 121199"091 470 NSL 2 AE RMZ 2.0. 142.10. 45.02.81 4.22 12.040. 18 21 05 20 IME AGOS ESS OR EE T2 114.164 TATOR 1240 M3 4 OU REGGE Belin4 72:1. 45:50 M LIEG 72 8 14700 1W 20058) 16.1 4910 I ſhall EL88] I ſhall now take the liberty of troubling you with my ideas of an eaſy and juſt way of paying day-labourers, which, in my opinion, would not only anſwer any accidental high prices of wheat, but would afford them proper ſubſiſtence at all times. Wincheſter Meaſure. Per Duarter. Per Buſpel. "The price, on an average of 20 years prior to 1767, 2 of the beſt wheat,=-- E14 19.1.7.00 20090086 Middling wheat,=-== TETg:Äd2En 3 ONFMERS The rate of day-wages was, at that time, about 19. 2. per day, or 75. per week. Let us ſuppoſe, that the farmers,&'c. had agreed, at that period, that they would pay their labourers partly in wheat and partly in money; that they had accord- ingly ſettled, that the average-price of middling wheat was to be the price allowed for the buſhel, which was(as above)-[.o 4 5 The remaining wages to be paid in money;- O4L20.7 Wotal, 76 06 791.0 Der WECK: Th ESTHES En a Per Duarter. Per Buſhel. e average oi the Iollowung 10 years beit wheat: ending Se E E 6; 2 8. ZIEL. 2607 65.48 Middling wheat,--=- ZENO EITE The labourer would, during theſe years, have received in value, A buſhel of wheat,=-. ARTOHTTE DETE Wages paid in money,=„- 04452 17 L- 0 8 21 wages per weck; or the ſame as if he had been paid 15. 4Zd. per day, or 85. 3d. per week in money: and, in my opinion, it was what he was entitled to receive from the farmer, as the farmer had ſold all his wheat at that price. The price of.wheat, on an average, from 1777 to 1787. Per Quarter. Per Buſhel. The beſt wheat ſold for 2== SEZEN TEES O EROM Middling ditto,-=-- 2.1769 4402088. 0/ M62470Z The labourer's account, for theſe years, would have been as follows: A buſhel of wheat,“ LO 5 8 Wages paid in money,= O8 21.07 L. 9 8), 3E per week; or 19. 434, per day- ZES [098| The price of wheat, on an average, in Windſor market, fyom 1783 t0 1792, being 10years. - Per Duarter. Per Buſhel. - The beſt wheat ſold for--- 46 210 8. 0: 4.0.71.42 Middling ditto,---= 2E12.052..0030 62 The labourer's account, for theſe years, was as follows: A buſhel of middling wheat, S WHO 860107 Wages paid in money,“-= OE02....7 L- 3 9 14 per week, or 185d. per day» In 1796, the price of middling wheat was ſrom 41. 35. 8d. to 5/. per quarter. A buſhel of wheat, Ss 2 GOR TI 2400 12: 0 Ee or Wages paid in money,=- GO WA EN ZI 6.0113 Stor M0 15 1cnweck- So that the labourer received as great wages(although only nominally paid 19. 2d. ver day) as if he had been paid in money 24. 31d. per day, or 135. 73d. per week; or 25. 6d. per day, which is equal to 155. per Week. The reaſon of fixing on a buſhel of wheat per week, as a proper quantity to be given to a day-labourer, is, that it is ſuſlicient to ſerve a man and his wife, with 4 children under 10 years of age 3; and few labourers have more children who cannot earn ſomething towards their own maintenance: and it is infinitely better to have ſuch a proviſion made for the induſtrious father of a family, and alſo to run the riſk of its being miſapplied by the bachelor, or thoſe who have few children, than to let numerous families, of a worthy and uſeful claſs of people, encounter difficulties which cannot be eaſily ſurmounted by them. I am very apprehenſive, that if it was left to the option of the labourer to take either wheat or money, that the unmarried man, and thoſe with only a child or two, would chuſe to have no more wheat in the week than what was abiolutely neceſlary to maintain them: and as the farmer might think, that ſuch labourers came at a more moderate rate to him than thoſe who inſiſted on having the buſhel of wheat per week, might therefore be induced to reje& a labourer with a numerous family*. This erroneous opinion of the farmer ought to be diſcouraged. I call it erroneous; for, according to the preſent method of managing the poor rates, labourers with large families, eſpecially when out of employment, ſoon become a heavy burden on the pariſh, * But as this mode of paying wages might be thought a hardſhip to the bachelor, or to a married man, who has only one, or perhaps no child--let the farmer agree to,pay ſuch labourers any part of the buſhel of wheat in kind the labourers chuſe; but the labourer to be obliged to receive of the farmer at leaſt, IE gallon of wheat per week, or proper proportion of flour«, In order to make this meaſure plain, let it be ſuppoied, that N€ the [7 38] pariſh, ſo that the rates are conſiderably increaſed: and the farmer, who thinks that he has ſaved confſiderabiy by giving low wages, will find himſelf deceived, as his quota of the poor rates is increaſed in a greater proportion than his apparent ſavings; not to mention here, the numerous bad effeCs that invariably attend lupporting the poor in wretchedneſs and profligacy. The rapid progreſs of the poor rates within theſe 40 or 50 years, has been often much lamented, and many reaſons have been aſſigned for it. May I venture to con- je&ure what has been one principal cauſe of this increaſe? In 1757, when the militia-law was paſſed, the humanity of the legiſlſature thought it but juſtice, that the wife and children of the militia-man ſhould have ſome main- tenance from the public, when the exigency of the ſtate took away the father, whoſe labour ſupported them. It was therefore enaCted, that the Juſtices ſhould have power to order the overſeers of the poor of the pariſh to pay ſuch family a weekly allow- ancc, according to the uſual and ordinary price of labour in huſbandry, within the county or diſtriet where ſuch family ſhall dwell: That is to ſay, for 1 child under 10 years, any ſum s. d S4 270% not exceeding the price of one day's labour, call it 1 o EE) For 2 children under 10, 2 days labour,'- 2 M0 CE N/2 40 1 For 3 or 4 children, 3 days labour,-- 3440 Z-10 y EAM And for 5 or more children, 4 days labour,=» 44 O fas And for the wife of ſuch a militia-man, at. the rate of one day's labour: ſo that a woman, with 5 children, received what was. equivalent to the earnings of her huſ- band's labour for 5 days; and was, in faCt,.in more afluent circumſtances than if he had been with his family: and, at the ſame time, all ſhame and reproach, of receiv- ing aſliſtance from the pariſh, was totally eradicated. It was no longer a diſgrace, but rather regarded as their right. And when once labouring families found that they could ſupport themſelves, by the aſſiſtance of the pariſh, without hard labour, many, without ſcruple, thought they had a right to demand aſliſtance, whenever the moſt trivial indiſpoſition, or an idle habit, made them unwilling to labour. the labourer ſhould chuſe to have 13 gallon of wheat; and for the remaining 3 pecks and 2 quarts of wheat, to receive the current monthly price for it in money. The account in 1796, would then ſtand as follows: Money-wages per week,---- VIO SEZEN Monthly price of 3 pecks 2 quarts(26 quarts) of wheat,- ONES ZE-IO LLTSAN2 SPEE.AVCCK. Value of wheat paid in kind, 6 quarts,„=- ORTEN L- 0 13 44% or 25. 25d. per day. And if at any time it ſhould become neceſſary for the Juſtice of the Peace to interfere, on account of any difference between the farmer and labourer, any one Juſtice ſhould be empowered to regulate the wages ac- cording to the above ſcheme. 15 gallon of wheat per week, is 1 quarter 1 buſhel and 3 pecks per annum--14 /b. of bread per day, is Z quarter and x buſhel per annum. It Euzt JT It is not'pollible to enumerate the many bad effets that the above turn of thinking among the labouring poor, has occaſioned to themſelves, and to the country: and this evil has now taken ſuch deep root, that it is become an Herculean labour to bring back.the once honeſt pride of independence to the Engliſh labourer. Having wrote the preceding Letter, Iwas naturally led to inveſtigate the ſame ſub- je& with regard to Scotland, For theſe 40 years it has been generally underſtood that it was a juſt obſervation, that a Scotch labourer ought to receive a peck of meal, or the price of it, as his daily wages. This, I conceived, proceeded from the price of meal, for a conſiderable length of time, having been at ſuch a rate as would enable a labourer to buy 6 pecks of meal ver week, or 194 bolls per annum. The rate of day-wages, before the Union, was from 5d. to 6d. per day; while meal, on an average of 25 years, prior to 1696, was 99. per boll, or 63d. per peck: ſo that the utmoſt an indifferent hand could be expeted to earn(while the rate of wages was 5d. per day), was money ſuflicient to purchaſe, one ycar with another, 14: bolls of meal, in place of 193 bolls. The oppolite Table will beſt. exemplify the ſituation of the labourers at the ſeveral periods: and from this'Vable, the wages appear to have been generally regu- lated by the average-price of meal. Any one who attentively conſiders the ſtate of the price of wheat in England, and the common rate of wages there, and compares them with the price of meal, and the rate of wages in, Scotland, will perceive, that, for the firſt 50 years of this century, the price of wheat and meal had been pretty uniform and ſteady, and that the wages of the labourers remained the ſame.. But immediately after the concluſion of the ſeven years war(1763), the price of wheat and meal began to ſtart: no doubt, various cauſes occaſioned it. In the ſouthern parts of England however, few exer- tions were made in the agricultural line: but in almoſt all the fertile parts of Scot- land, new ideas and exertions in agriculture, as well as manufaCures, took place. A conſiderable number of labourers became neceſſary; and particularly for the Grand Canal. The execution of this noble undertaking had a wonderful influence on the rate of wages: but it likewiſe was the means of making the labourers more expert and laborious. People therefore no longer ſcrupled to raiſe the rate of the induſ- trious man's wages 3; but cheerfully complied with them, in order to induce ſuch hands as they had to remain with them, and to get(the law of ſettlements being luckily un- known in Scotland) recruits from all quarters, wberever they could be found. There was one error however that. prevailed in the north, as well as in the ſouth end of the iſland; viz. paying the whole of the day-wages in money: ſo that when an aCCI- dental high-priced year happened, the poor labourer, who very little apprehended any ſuch, was not prepared for it, and thereby ſuffered great diſtreſs 3; whereas had the labourer received half a peck of meal per day, he would have cheerfully worked on during the dear times, while, in thoſe of extraordinary chcapneſs, he would have had leſs money to ſquander. "Lo [ 12] To point out this in as clear a view as I can, I ſhall ſtate the labourer's account, when his wages are paid partly in meal and partly in money, as they would have ſtood in high and low priced years. "The price of meal, taken on an average of 25 years, ending with 1695, was nearly 6,2d. per peck, or 95. per boll: but the price of meal in 1696, was 14:%4. per peck, Or 199. 4d. per boll; and in 1698, was 165%d. per peck, or 229. per boll. Let it be ſuppoſed then, that, in 1695, it had become the cuſtom to Pay the la. bourers half a peck of meal per day, or 3 pecks per weck. The value of 3 pecks of meal, on an average, in 1695, was SIE NER E 2 1 IN WIEN Ii 2 Wages paid in money,= 2 2 OAION 0297 Total value, L. 0»2 6 per week. Suppoſing the beſt hand was paid the value of 64. per day, or 34. per week: Or to receive 3 pecks of meal,-- 0 1 627 Wages paid in money,-- 3 OE 6 Total value, L. 0 3 o per week, In 1696, the labourer received 3 pecks of meal, which then ſold for 14:84. per peck,-= ENEN ZU 708 Wages paid the indifferent hand in money,=- 0 0 0:2 0 eetememmnng, Total value,€. 0 4 5532 ver week z, Or near 9d. per day, which is equal to 45. 64. per week. To the good hand, 3 pecks of meal,- L-,0: 3 75 Wages paid in money,--- OE ATHISE Total value, L/. 0 4 11-2, per week:- Near to 104. per day, which is equal to 55. per week. In 1706, meal was cheap, ſelling at 5d. per peck, or 65. 8d. per boll. The wages of an indifferent labourer, 3 pecks of meal, L.0 1 3 Wages paid in money,--< ORO Total value, LZ. 0 2 05% per week: About 4d, per day. 8 W737] The wages of a good hand, 3 pecks of meal,- LO g Paid in money,--=-- OED 30 Total value,€. 0 2 65% zer weck; Rather better than 5d. per day. If the quantity of meal allotted to the labourer, is greater than what is thought ne- ceflary to maintain a ſingle man, then let the labourer receive only a quarter of a peck of meal per day, in part-payment of his wages; and the reſt to be paid him in money. According to this ſuppoſition, in 1695, the price of meal, being then taken on an average of 25 years, was 672,4. per peck. The indifferent labourer's wages being then at 5d. per day, his account would have ſtood thus: For 11 peck of meal, DN S 5.0. 0 102 Wages paid in money,= SE= 0.1 17000 Total value, L- 0 2 6 per week. In 1696, this man would have received 11 peck of meal, which then ſold for 145%4. per peck, 2 We 1.1.02 Wages paid in money, eh En 0 1.09 Total value, Z. 0 3 55% 2er week; Very near 7d. per day. The Rev. Mr. Davies has, in the 269th page of his book, given the yearly expen- diture of a Scotch labourer's family, conſiſting of himſelf, his wife, and 4 young children. The conſumption of food 15, 8 bolls of meal, at 128 /6. Dutch weight per boll,< 1024 8 do. of barley, at 266---= 2128 8 do. of peaſe, at 240---- 1920 Per annum, 5072/b. Dutch. 5072 /b. Dutch weight, is equal to 5429 /b. Avoirdupois 3; which is per head, about 904/b. 12 92. Avoirdupois per annum, or 17 /b. 602. per week 3; nearly equal to 24/6. Avoirdupois per day, for each individual. The common allowance for a man-ſervant, engaged by the year, is 2 pecks of meal ver week 3; which weighs 16/6. Dutch, or 17/5. 602. 446 pts. Avoirdupois weight. 'Chis is nearly 2 /2. 802. Avoirdupois per day. A labouring man, in England, eats from 14/5. to 12/6. per day. 1216, of bread der day, is 1 quarter and 1 buſhel of wheat per annum, D My. [4 248] Mr. Arthur Young, in the Second Volume of his Iriſh Tour, 120th page of the o&avo edition, gives an account of the conſumption of potatoes in 8 different 1a- bourers families. A barrel of potatoes is four Wincheſter buſhels: and the weight, by a& of par- liament, is equal to 24 ſtone, 14/db. Avoirdupois to the ſone; ſo that 24 ſtone is- equal to 336 /b. 1). Ih. oz. 1 family, of 6 people, conſumed in 7 days, 1 barrel, or 336--2?er head, 8 0 per day. 2 ditto, of 6 am- 7-< PIG=3 0 7= 87100 3 ditto, of 6-- ER- 4904 00-1 41:05 0 4 ditto, of 6-- 7“- 320 BE 2.0..800 17(uttg; 010& er 8=- 220 0.= es IG 1 ditto; ol 5-- 4 EIER- 220 1:02 1705-0 1 ditto, of 6- E E7 Z is 67284= K1= 24103 70 1 ditto, of 5 5 S 7 M 3 672% W-31820 20023 57 3360 By this account, each individual, of an Iriſh labourer's family, conſumes about 10/b. 7 02. per day. But I apprehend, that there muſt be ſome miſtake in the quantity of potatoes ſaid to be conſumed by 2 families--leaving them out, the conſumption of potatoes per head would be about 8/5." When I was at Maryborough, in the Queen's County, in 1768, I made inquiries concerning the food of the labourer: and I find from my memorandums, that I was then informed, that a ſtone, or 14/6. Avoirdupois, of potatoes, ſerved 5 people a day. This is nearly 3/6. Avoirdupois per day for each individual. 3/b. Avoirdu- po1s are equal to 2/5, 1202. Dutch weight.| In Mr. Dirom's valuable Treatiſe on the Corn-laws, there is an ingenious letter from Mr. Mackie of Ormilton, in Eaſt Lothian, to Col. Dirom; wherein he ſtates (page 242)» that, from very particular inquiries, he finds, that a man, his wife, and 3 children, conſumed, on an average, 2/b. 1202. of raw potatoes, and 5Z092. Of Oat- meal, each individual, 1 have been informed by 2 gentleman of very reſpedable authority, that a peck of oat-meal, which is equal to 8/5. Dutch weight, makes 13 breakfaſts for a man z; that is, 9202. for each breakfaſt. An intellizent tenant of my own aſſured me, that a woman and 3 young children, the eldeſt under 10 years of age, would eat a peck and an half of oat-meal, which is equal to 12/6. Dutch weight, at 10 meals: this 15, 1/6. 32592. at a meal, for the whole; or 4-292. to each individual. By Mr. Mackie's account, the labourer's family conſumed 13/5. 492. of potatoes, Avoirdupois weight, per day 3; or 4836/b. per annum: and 1/b. 10202. of meal, Dutch weight, per day 3; ox 4 bolls and 3 Nrlots per annum. "The [Ws1J The Edinburgh peck of potatoes is generally reckoned to weigh 28/5. Avoirdupois*, and the price is commonly 6d. per peck. The price of meal, on an average, is about 11d. per peck 3; or 1134. the retail-price, which is equal to 59. 44. per boll The expence of this food is as follows: 10 bolls 3 firlots and 1 peck of potatoes, at 85. per boll,- DIA. 070 4 bolls and 3 firlots of meal, at 155. 44. per boll,== 2. 12. 108 Total 27.10. 4 At Alloa, a peck of potatoes generally weighs about 22/5. Avoirdupois, and ſells at 5d. per peck--the meal, the ſame price as at Edinburgh. 13 bolls 3 firlots and 1 peck of potatoes, at 65. 84. per boll,= L.4 11 8 4 bolls and 3 firlots of meal, at 155 4d. per boll,-- 3412,10 = Total expence at Alloa, /,8 4 6 If the Alloa account of the labourer's food is taken, the quantity of meal and po- tatoes conſumed by a family, and the expence of it, is as follows: Ih. 02. The wife and children conſume of meal,-- 3 05110 The huſband,.& E* E 2.29 Ber day. 18 4:622 bolls. fir]. peck. lip. Say the family conſume of meal, 3 10 per day, or 10 1 1 I perann.€ K193 meaſ Onemeal oFpotatoes,= 1" 6 101-4 or 16 13„L::0' The expence of meal, at 1554. 4d, per boll,- TL DANT Of potatoes, at 65. 82. per boll,= ES= 2.8 3 1417 Total, /. 10 o 475,25 annum: Suppoſe this family lived entirely on meal, they would conſume about 15 bolls and 2 firlots of meal, at 155. 4d. per boll,- L-+11 12 6 If the family was to live ſolely on potatoes, they would conſume, according to Mr. Mackie's calculation, about 20 bolls 2 firlots and 2 pecks of potatoes(Alloa meaſure), at 65. 84. per boll,- L-0 16 8 The average-produce of wheat is 3 quarters per acre. A man conſumes about 8 or 9 buſhels of wheat per annum; ſo that an acre of wheat may be ſaid to be ſufl- * This was the weight given me by a very intelligent farmer in the vicinity of Edinburgh. But I have ſince found, that there was an a& of council of the Magiſirates of Edinburgh, dated 25th July 1759, or- dering potatoes to be ſold by weight within the city and liberties: and ordained, that every boll ſhall weigh 24 ſtone Troy, commonly called Oat-meal Weight; and every peck to weigh 24/b. ſaid weight. It is very poſſible chat the additional weight has crept in, from the quantity of potatoes for ſale being conſiderably increaſed. cient [36 9 cient to keep 3 men a year: while the common produce of an acre of oats, ground into meal, does not exceed 6 bolls per acre 3; ſo that it will require 3 acres of oats; inſtead of 1 acre of wheat. An acre commonly produces about 30 or 32 bolls of potatoes; and 8 bolls will maintain 3 man for a year: ſo that the acre of potatoes can ſuſtain“ 4 men; an acre of wheat, 3 men; and an acre of oats will ſcarcely ſuſtain 1 man. | | FIENE wn. ZIE EIL SEC No. II. OFM EINZL- Or of the moſt important queſtions in agriculture, and perhaps one of the moſt diflicult to be ſolved, is, What proportion of the produce of arable land ought to be Paid as rent to the landlord? The common remark, that every arable farm ought to produce three rents, v!2. one for the landlord, one ſor the expence of management, and one for the farmer, is become almoſt proverbial; and it probably aroſe from obſervation in fertile ſoils. If this rule is but tolerably juſt, the riſe of rents, that have taken place in Scotland within theſe 30 years, can chiefly be accounted for, by the improved ſkill and induſtry of the farmers of the preſent day. Had the old cuſtom continued, of paying two thirds of the rent in grain, and the other third in money, a compariſon of the rents, at different periods, had been ren dered eafier; but fince the rents have been made payable totally in money, the fuuat- ing value of it renders the taſk very dificult. Few farms or eſtates continue, for any length of time, exatly of the ſame ſize: and it is imagined, that it is only a modern practice to aſcertain the rent by the acre; at leaſt, great care was taken in making out tacks or leaſes, at the beginning of this century, to ſpecify the total rent payable by the tenant, without taking any notice of the GE of ground in the farm, as that gave riſe to many diſputes. Beſides, even if theſe particulars had been noticed, it 15 only in naturally fertile ſoils that any tolerable compariſon could be made; for lands, of inferior quality, have been probably rendered more valuable by enclofing, and various other mehiorations, which have coſt conſiderable ſums to bring them to their preſent ſtate. It is, therefore, from examples taken in ſuch rich ſoils as the Carſes of Gowrie or Falkirk, that we can entertain any hopes of ſucceſs in our re- ſearches, for aſcertaiming the value of produce of the land in different ages: and in order to make any tolerable compariſon, we muſt.convert the money-rents into grain, by an average of the prices of grain at the different periods. There 15, in this diſtrict, a piece of fertile carſe-ground, which has been a conſider- able length of time in the ſame family: the boundaries have been the ſame for 2ges 3; and it 1s yet unencloſed. There are 363 Scotch acres* that paid rent, which, * Correſponding to 461X Engliſh acres, E towards E 5 towards the end of laſt century, were divided into five farms, of about 71 Scotch acres each*; and two cottagers had 6 Scotch acres+ between them. The rent of theſe 363 acres, about the year 1690, Was as follows: Rentals, at different Periods, of 363 Scotch Acres of Carſe-land, in the County of Clackmoannan. NS NE| NENE UE ESZUSEN 26203 „<="G 220:[DO xe Me 2 9)8 8.89 Rate per! S0 267 80-0 5 S s Year| Grain» Bol. Firl. Pec.| Boll. MT) 3[26][2087 Value GIASUEN| ZE G.29652 2:4 RODOMATIEN, 2.110 LO ORE M ASU SZ LE 49073 (5% 241102 52 8 Mm-|- 95 18.2 Kain,-=- 9 5L|:54| 48 8:10:70 Money-rentz=----= 144, 3 102 8 Total rent;=- ERN REESE ESU SEDO BONO EE OPER ESS The valued rent of this piece of ground, is 124/.; which was probably the real rent, when the land was valued in 1649. The land was afterwards let to the ſame tenants, for the following rent: | SEREN 1.*=. | es-„ 8 2-3 | ERS| S4 8 %-< O1= 2“: | 16 IF eH ISS 5) 88 Rate per| 5 Z 5 8.2 Yeat| Grain» Bol. Firl.| Boll.| 5 2 60 Man) Sis Value BEE LE Ii 35:S 5 108508 1 r > vw» Oo [0] 1703Barley, 86 0 j10 0 442 Meal, 103 1.0.8 302= 1 [] > Ga „nd vr a „| wl Qats;; 17 211.214 EU EISI UE H8 DU7 SUAUSSEN Total, 206 2- Wh ERD 109,24) IMS 16104 AUSGE Kain,==>- 25.|108/| 1081] 72 16 0 50 oney-rent;------[20 I I Total rent,- 2-% D a 022 02 0 6585 * Rather better than 99 Engliſh acres.+ Rather better than 73 Engliſh acres: In EL [ 49 J In 1731, theſe 363 Scotch acres were let to 13 tenants. The farms, on an average, were about 27 Scotch acres each(correſponding nearly to 343 Engliſh acres). There were alfo let between two cottagers, 6 Scotch acres(74 Engliſh). The rent paid for the whole, was as follows: = z.2 2= ZS AE WIE I| RNS 07! SEU EL INNEICH 2|2S)22] GO EEE E06€ Rate per] S SIMMEL S 25 NE GT 4 1B01 FEI+ Boll 4) 3 163 NB DES Value. 07.8..04 EEE S0. aa 1731 Barley, 159 0 WIe 1597.07:(10 Beans; 150 41 [Potal;: 474.1-=-%„(245 0901172: SSH EE 4 20.| 10.21|8UCS| 73"01 203 80-27 Money-rent,-=- Z- SANDE LTL HTE Total rent,==- E=- 96 4.008.122. The rent of theſe 363 Scotch acres was lowered in 1742 3 which was probably ow ing to a great part of the land having ſuſtained conſiderable damage from the overflowing of the river Forth. Upwards of 85 Scotch acres(correſponding nearly to 108 Engliſh acres) were defended by a Night bank, which had given way- This piece of ground was then let to 14 tenants, at the following rent: = zZ.< Ss 53 5510 19778= 500 SE SEE 30 Sve SUS REN HREN ENES Rate| 3 02188(5.28 Weit Grain Bol Firl-| Pec. fiper'BbllL(33 3“- 288 Value. Fu 159.4:"Fri aI E 1742.Barley, 1415 1:70 WIe 1. 145 44 1 102 4505..5 Beahs, X30 T* oO 6 BOREAL 31x- UE EE-|219 13 105% :-: Ne--= 216: 7 81.41.0709 05210026 T 32: oney-rentz---|--= LIT: 2:44. [Totalrent,.=----- 1350. 18 255 L 26 3 This piece of ground was let to the 14 tenants; and as the rent was raiſed, it is pro- bable, that the land had recovered the damage by the overflowing of the Forth. Dhe rent was as follows: *s|Z< 14 Bb859 las SIED En* UNE, EI| 288002744 327 AUSSIE NB( SS 88187 Rate|S 604 5 5: 5-5 Year| Grain. Bol. Firl.|per Boll.| 3 3"n:= 8 D Value. S3: Wr SIBIU 1745|Barley, 154 3| Mea FTE ON IOS Beans,"155 16% Total, 460 o- wf= Ia u= 1230:40 6 Kfin; Du=€|| 3011500:| 109| 7EMEIM MB Hos Money-rent,--=S EE PEE ILS Lotal rent;---=- ai R3 TZ(2 The Forth had again broken down the bank, and overflowed the 85 Scotch acres; [0 that a conſiderable dedudtion of rent was given, even though the land was let to L1 tenants,.on a leaſe of 19 years. The rental as follows: = EE SIE IE 85 5 oD= 2" SE 25 14 55 SSE 1<052) NS 2211(127007 Rate 0(BOSE SIe StS Year| Grain» Bol. Firl.|per Boll.| 5 3 rm Ea" Value. FENG SEIEN NENE 4755) Barley, 137 2 Neal 13.622210 8 Beans; 1337'2 Botan 20912- is Eds um NDIS 4% 5 7268 Ka. mi me- 30 1.911707 1 75|14.1301022 Money-rent,----- ZUEDOL 24 228 Total rent,=-„1-1'-= 1926) 2 1.029 Owing to ſome accidental circumſtances, the leaſes or tacks, granted in 1755; did not all terminate at the ſame period. In 1770, the cuſtom of paying part of the rent in kind was altered; and the whole of the rent was paid in money, excepting the kain, which the landlord could inßf& upon being paid in kind, although 23 converſion is named in the leaſe, "The [ 21] Ber Scotch acte. Per Engliſh aere. Ob d. 6 d. The farm, the leaſe of which firft expired, was let at 30 0 equal to 24 3 Others were let, excluſive of kain, at- 32“6 S 25 7 The beſt, excluſive of kain,=- AGO- I 6 In 1775, the 11 farms were converted into 6. Now, however, theſe are occupied by 3 tenants; and the ſmalleſt of them has only about 49 acres, of the 363: but he has beſides, upwards of 43 acres, of the new land that was ſecured from the river in 1776, by a very ſubſtantial bank; the formation of which was preferred to the repair= ing the old ſlight bank, which had ſo often given way- The tenants were formerly reſtricted to the barony-mill; and they paid beſides, ſome trifle of grain to the baron-oſflicer: but theſe improper impoſitions were Coll= verted in the new leaſes, at 15- 34. per Scotch acre--about 1134. per Engliſh acre. The rent of the old ground was in money,-- L. 679 18 355 77 geeſe, at 15. 6d. each, Z= ISC I58& 25 capons; at 15. 6d.-- 1 17 6 Kain; 10.16 4 76 hens, at 10d. 2-- 3.208.4 Total,--- L- 699 14 75% It is now impoſſible to form any conjed&ure about the reaſon for varying the num- ber and prices of the ſeveral kinds of kain and ſtraw. It is rather extraordinary, that the prices of them ſhould be rated ſo much higher in 1703 than in 1755- The converſions of the grains prior to 1775, although marked in the rentals, are entirely imaginary, and have been formed by the conſent of parties; for the price of them by the fiars, taken on an average of 20 years, is conſiderably lower: but ſuch was the cuſtom of the times; for in the judicial rental of the eſtates of Clackmannan and Sauchie, which were ſold in 1705, the price of meal and bear in Clackmannan« ſhire was valued at 5/. Scotch, or 85. 4d. Sterling money, per boll--malt and peaſe at the ſame price--horſe-corn or oats, 3/. 65. 8d. Scotch, or 54. 62,d. Sterling money, ver boll. When bear, peaſe, and oats, were ſold with the fodder, one merk Scotch, or 15. 1:44. Sterling money, is added to the price of them. Although the converſion of the grains was only nominal, yet as both parties, the landlord and tenant, underſtood them to be the value, they muſt be made uſe of, when the rents are converted into grain. Accordingly, that is the rule made uſe of in the following Table; except in the rental 1775, when the average of the Clackmannan fiars, for 20 years prior to 1775, was taken, in order to convert the rent into grain. GEL IECE Price of barley, 15 Oo Meal,- 13 446 Average near to 135. 7d. per boll. Beans,- VIN 2:05 By this average, the money-rent of 1775 is converted into grain. E The The Amount of the Rentals of 363 Scotch Acres("correſponding nearly to 4614 Engliſh Statute Acres) of Carſe-land, in the County of Clackmannan, at different Periods, from 16909 10 1775- Amountofthe Rent Rent Rentals convert- Dan ACH Quantity of Graw|| Total Produce Produce Produce Rentals. per S. acre.| per E. acre.|| ed into Grain.|| per S. acre. per E. acre. of Grain. PENIS: ACIE,|+ DEN BLHAerEe, 6 Z Z NASH AI BSB SAH RIEN Bid 45€ %<< 3&= RW OE E| 38s 95...18.5..= BE- mE Oe 1902 5 2 dD KDE vd DD BS ZUL EE AUS 2 OD 0) E.1 EE Ba S 10820200 LO991E50 02.0 80490 7 450.0.0 013411 5) 5060 2.138 Qa MEX I OTO 15 0023 1.01 SOLI 1703232-2 5 810.132 4 09 10 TI(LL 10.€) FONEL 0 12. 20. 0-2 O0 INM3300 10.014.100 3.22.4010. 1739| 3841 2 rojjr 15 27 WA|O4I0! 7. O1 13700 0 21.21.10 2100 ZU 225 0.10 0122102.0. 3 21000 1 2:3 410.01 DIA 2 RSO 8“ 2. 310-1024 2 0 15.2.0073 2 2 3CE 3.11. 210 O9 1 0]2028 0 40 XN5 2.10.03... 2.0.0.0 194511372 7 IT gr Os 0 220 100.F000|0 945.201 O0) S26 430 2 D E12 09720 20 2045..0. 10480)(1051 4034.20 4213.39 2 II 195511325. 2 10 I0|0 17 19 109 14 I 024. 1.€ 202.224 EM 17 2 M DD|0072 ZL ZW OD 218. 0.0170 17756090 34 7| 178.19 6E 0.10 TOLL OO 2 20 34202 28 510 0 0ZOMO LL ZUSE ZELT LO u In converting the Grain to the Engli/h Acre, the Era&ions of the Duarts are omitted. R 22.4 It is little more than 30 years ſince the rents in Scotland were paid in money". Formerly, they were paid partly in kind, and partly in money. There are various opinions, which is the moſt advantageous for the country or individuals. The venerable Lord Kaims, in his Gentleman Farmer(page 379th of the firſt edition), ſays,“ Whether the rent ought to be paid in corn or money, depends on «“« circumſtances. Corn-rent cramps the tenant in his management; for it obliges «< him to ſow yearly corn of the ſame kind with what he pays. Money-rent, on the << contrary, promotes good culture, in order to produce the weightieſt grain, the be- «« nefit of which accrues entirely to the tenant. There is an additional reaſon for «<« money-rent, that the tenant, by prudence and patience, can draw a better price for e« his corns, at the home-market, than his landlord can. The rent therefore ought “ to be paid in money, unleſs where there is a ſuperfluity of corn for exportation z s“« which can be managed with more advantage by the landlord, who has all his farm- “« corns to export, than by the tenant who has but a ſmall quantity." The Rev. Mr. Dickſon of Dunſe(in his preface to the ſecond volume of his Trea- tiſe on Agriculture), ſays,“It is worthy of our inquiry, What is the nature of the rent <« the tenant ought to pay? «« When tenants are poor, and do not deſerve to be intruſted with money, they ““« ſhould be obliged to pay their rent in kind; by this means they may be prevented «c by the landlord from embezzling the produce of the land, and from falling ſhort in ““ their rent, without having their fituation immediately known. But there are two << very great inconveniences that attend the paying of rent in this manner. A few «<« years of ſcarcity, or of bad crops, ſucceeding each other, muſt ijnevitably ruin the “<« tenants; for bad crops not only render it impoſſible for the tenant to deliver the ss quantity of vietual, which he is obliged to do by leaſe, but raiſes the price to ſuch << a height, that a falling ſhort of a few bolls brings upon him a load of debt, which 5«« many bolls in a year of plenty are not ſufficient to pay. Another inconvenience that <<:attends the paying of rent in kind, which renders this method improper for an un- «< improved country, and that is, no improvements will in this caſe be attempted by «« the farmers. When rents are paid in kind, the farmer, eſpecially if his farm is << but ſmall, has very little occaſion to go without the bounds of his farm: He has «“« few wants, and meets with few things that excite activity and induſtry. His prin- << cipal care is to get his farm-viCual delivered; and when this is done, he contents e« himſelf with the little that remains: When his crop falls ſhort, though he may be << diſpoſed to activity by nature, yet having no money in his hand, he cannot employ << himſelf to any purpoſe, and therefore his ſpirits muſt ſink, and inaQivity and indo- << ence become habitual. From ſuch a perſon no improvements can be expeCted. <« It can ſcarcely be ſuppoſed that he will leave the track that his fathers have walked << in before him."The paying of rent in money produces a different effe&. When << this 18 the caſe, the tenant muſt go to market and diſpoſe of his crop, to make up << his rent: He has thereby an opportunity to obſerve what paſſes in the world, and “« converſe with others: Hence his wants increaſe, which excites his induſtry; and “« the money that he has in his hand, gives him an opportunity to exerciſe It. << It 15 generally ſuppoſed, that long leaſes or tacks are neceſſary to carry on im- TEINDS;"08"DE LHES: In comparing the rents of the lands in Scotland with thoſe of England, it ſhould always be kept in view, that, beſides the difference in the ſize of the acre, few, very few tenants in Scotland pay any tithes, either in grain or in money 3 and where they do, the quantum is fixed: and that it is not in a great number of places that poor rates are eſtabliſhed--two very heavy and oppreſſive burdens on the farmers in England. As the two countries, before the Reformation, were nearly in the ſame ſtate with regard to both theſe articles, it is well worth while to examine, from what particular circumſtances the difference has ariſen. At the firſt eſtabliſhment of the parochial clergy, the tithes in both countries were diſtributed in a fourfold diviſion 3; one for the uſe of the biſhop, another for maintaining the fabric of the church, a third for the poor, and a fourth to provide for the incum- bent."The hiſtory of the teinds, or tithes, in both countries, are clearly narrated ;n thoſe celebrated works, Blackſtone's Commentaries of the Law of England, and Erſkine's Inſtitutes of the Law of Scotland: and though rather long for this ſurvey, ;t is believed, that an abſtra& from Mr. Erſkine's valuable work will not be thought improper, as it is fo immediately conneCted with agriculture 3; eſpecially as it will help to elucidate the effe&ts that the different modes of payment of the tithes have on the agriculture of the(ſouth and north divifions of the iſland. « For the better underſtanding the alteration made in the condition of the tithes « in the reign of Charles I. a brief account may be premiſed of the methods by « which church-beneßficiaries, and other titulars*, made their right of the tithes ef= « fe4ual, from the time they were poſſeſled by the clergy. « The moſt uſual and natural way was, by the titular's ſeparating the tithe or << tenth from the ſtock or nine-tenths of the crop, after the corns were reaped, and «« his carrying it off from the field to his own granaries. This got the name of <« drawn teind; and was frequently attended with grievous hardſhips on the owner *&« James VI. firſt exerciſed a power, upon the reſignation.or death of any abbot or prior, to appoint a <“« lay commendator for life, to the vacant benefice, who was as little liable to account for the fruits, as « thoſe whom the Pope frequently named before the Reformation: and moſt of the commendators, not ſatisfied with a grant which died with themſelves, prevailed at laſt with his Majeſty to change their Jife- rent into a perpetual or heritable right; which he did, by ſecularizing, or in our law-ſtyle, ereding moſt of the monaſteries and priories into temporal lordſbips: the grantees of which were ſometimes called < Jords of erettion, and ſometimes titulars of the tithes; becauſe they had, by their grants, the fame title < to the ereted benefices, both lands apd tithes, that the monpalteries had formerly." « “« of LI = 1329|] of the ground, or his tenant: for every poſſeſlor of land, who preſumed, after reaping his corns, to carry off any part of them from the field, till the titular had drawn his tithe, was, from the firſt eſtabliſhment of the church's right, ſubjected to ſevere penalties; and the titulars, ſometimes from indolence, but moſt fre- quently with a view of compelling the proprietor to purchaſe the leading of his tithes at an high price, delayed the drawing of his tithes, till great part of the crop was rotten. «« For redreſling, or at leaſt alleviating this grievance, the tithing of the corn was, after the Reformation, regulated by ſundry ſtatutes 3; vz. in 1606, in 1612, and in 1617. The remedy provided by theſe acts, however, was far from being ade- quate to the evil it was intended to cure. « Sometimes the titular, in place of drawing his tithes, was prevailed on.to grant a leaſe of them to the proprietor for a neat yearly tack-duty 3; and ſometimes he accepted of a ſtated quantity of corn yearly, commonly called zental-bolls, either in virtue of a written rent-roll, or barely by the uſe of payment; which rent-roll, or rental, was preſumed to be the full value of the tithes. In this laſt caſe, the proprietor was obliged to continue the payment to the titular of the accuſtomed number of bolls, though exceeding the true value of the tithe, till he offered the tithe in kind, and made intimation that he would no longer ſubmit to the payment of the rental-bolls: and, on the other hand, though the rental-bolls ſhould have fallen ſhort of the true tithe, the titular was bound to accept of them, till he uſed an inhibition of tithes, after which the titular might draw the tithes, 7p/a corpora. «« After various ſteps taken about them, Charles I. in January 1627, appointed commilſlioners to confer with thoſe who had any intereſt in the church-lands or tithes, towards bringing matters to a reaſonable ſettlement; and authorized them to value the tithes, and to name ſub-commiſlioners under them for that purpoſe. «"Phe article the King chiefly inſiſted on, was calculated to corre& the abuſes which continued to be committed in the drawing of the tithes, notwithſtanding the many ſtatutes concerning them; and which his Majeſty propoſed to effe&, by obliging the titular to ſell to the proprietor the tithes of his own lands, at ſuch a yearly value, and ſuch a number of years purchaſe, as ſhould be agreed upon: and where the tithes were deſtined as a perpetual fund for the maintenance of the clergy, or for the ſupport of the univerſities, ſchools, or hoſpitals, it was propoſed, that they might be valued at tke ſuit of the proprietor; who, upon paying the va- lued yearly duty to the titular, was to have the abſolute management of the whole crop, ſtock and tithe. <“« After ſome progreſs made in this communing, all parties having intereſt in the tithes; entered into ſubmiſlions, or bonds of arbitration, for referring their ſeveral claims to the King's own determination; all dated a=70 1628. Vpon each of theſe, the King pronounced a ſeparate award or decree-arbitral; all dated 2d Septem- ber, 1620: « The moſt important article of theſe decrees-arbitral, is that which dire&s the valuation of the tithes at a certain yearly rate; after which, the landholder is en- titled to the whole crop, upon payment to the titular of that ycarly duty. The rules which the commiſſlioners, appointed for that purpoſe, were directed to obſerve H(| 15 30] in the valuation, are different, according to the different condition of the tithes. "The words of the decree are, that the rare gf all tithes, auhere they are valued jointly with the ſtock, PSall be a Afth Part of the conſtant yearly rent that is Paid for the lands, ſtock and tithe; and where they are valued apart, or ſeverally, the rate ſhall be ſuch, as it has been already, or ſhall be valued by the commiſſioners, or ſub- commiſhoners, deducting from the tithes, ſeverally valued, a fifth part for the eaſe of the proprietor. It muſt be acknowledged, that theſe rules might have been delivered with greater perſpicuity, or preciſion: but the meaning appears to be this, That where the tithes are let to the landholder for a determinate duty, either in money or kind, they are pofleſled by the ſame perſon who poſſeſles the ſtock, without the ſeparation of one ſrom the other; and becauſe it is impoſſible, while the ſtock and tithe are thus jumbled together, to fx the value of the tithe by it- ſelf, that ſort appears to be the tithe which is ſaid to be valued with the fock; and therefore its value is the fifth of the rent payable for both ſtock and tithe, which 1s accounted a reaſonable /urrogatum, in place of a tenth of the increaſe.-- On the other hand, where the tithe is drawn, or ſeparated from the ſtock, every harveſt, by the titular, its value is capable of a ſeveral or ſeparate proof, to be fixed according to the quantity of the corns which are drawn as the tithe: and upon this account, that kind is ſaid to be valued, and its rate to be fixed, as it has been already, or ſhall be valued by the commiſlioners 3; that is, the commiſlioners, after taking proof of what was drawn as tithe, were to confider its value, communibus annis, and determine accordingly.--But in this laſt caſe, the proprietor was to be allowed a deduction of a fifth part of that yearly value; ſo that four-fifths of the yearly value of the drawn tithe is the proportion of corns, which is by that rule to be delivered to the titular as the valued tithe.--This dedudtion is commonly called the Kings eaf?; becauſe it is given by the King, in his ſeveral awards, as an eaſe to the proprietors. « The proprietor was, by the aforeſaid decrees-arbitral, entitled, not only to an adlion of valuation, but of ſale, of his tithes, againſt the titular or his tackſman, The price was to be nine years purchaſe of the valued tithe-duty, if the ſeller had an heritable right to the tithes; if, for inſtance, he himſelf was the titular.=-This part of the awards, concerning the valuation and ſale of tithes, was ratified in par- liament 1663. ««-Several rules have been eſtabliſhed by deciſions, for fixing the particulars which are, or are not, to be accounted part of the conſtant yearly rent of land in the va- luation of tithes. “« 1/7, Every article is to be conſidered as rent, which is truly paid by the tenant out of the growth of the lands(except a reaſonable part of what gets the name of kains, or Üying cuſtoms), though the landlord ſhould, with a view to diſappoint the titular, diſguiſe it in the tenant's leaſe, as paid upon another conſideration than that of rent. Nay, the converted prices of fowls, butter, tallow, weathers, lambs, &c. where tfic landlord has reſcrved an option, either to demand theſe articles in kind, or th& valued prices of them, are conſidered not as kain, but as rent; and for that reaſon accounted part of the rent of the lands, and chargeable with tithe.-- It is not however a rule without exception, That all rent paid to the landlord 7 “« the ann NEHER “ [3 346] the fruits of the ground are ſubjed to tithe, and ſo to be accounted rent in the va- luation of tithes 3; for as orchards produce no fruits that are ſubjects either of par- ſonage or vicarage tithes, the rent due by the tenant for an orchard is not to be computed in the valuing of the tithe. <« 2d/y, Where the proprietor draws annual profits from the ſale of ſubje&s which are more properly part of the land than of the fruits, ſuch profits are not con- ſidered as rent in the valuation of the tithe, becauſe tithes are a proportion of the fruits only. Thus neither lead-ore brought up from a ſhaft, nor ſtones dug out of a quarry, nor clay out of a pit for making brick or earthen ware, are titheable, becauſe they cannot with any propriety be called Iruits.=-A moſs is deemed to be Pars fundi; and, of courſe, is not a titheable ſubject. « 3dly, The expence of culture, though heavier than ordinary, if it be ännual, ought not to be deduted from the rent. No dedudion is therefore to be allowed on account of dung, though the tenant ſhould purchaſe it at a high price from the inhabitants of a neighbouring village; for no rent can be produced without the ex- pence of ſervants, cattle, manure, utenßſils, farm-houſes,&. And as the tack- duty payable by tenants is, upon the account of this expence, made leſs than it otherwiſe would be(which was without doubt in the eye of the legiſlature when they fixed the rate of tithe to a fifth part of the.rent), the dedudting of that ex- pence alſo, in the valuation of the tithe, would be in effe&X to deduce it twice, to the diſadvantage of the titular. « 4/hly, Where the proprietor has improved or raiſed his rent, the improved or new rent, if it had not been impoſed more than ſeven years before bringing the ation of valuation, was not reckoned in the computation of rent by the older praQice; probably from the uncertainty, whether the lands would continue able to bear that addition: but, by later decifions, ſuch part of it is accounted rent as the commiſlioners of tithes, from the circumſtances of the caſe, judge equitable. Where the improved rent was made at an uncommon expence, on lands which would otherwiſe have produced little or no rent(e. g- by draining a lake), the proprietor was allowed a reaſonable abatement on that account, though the drained grounds ſhould appear to be truly worth the rent that the proprietor had put on them, in his leaſe to the tenant. Grounds gained from the ſea, by expenſive walls or fences, are not ſubje& to the leaſt proportion of tithe.--Mill-rent muſt be alſo deduded from the rental, becauſe the profits ariing from the mills are merely in- duſtrial, and ſo not titheable. « The general rule in which all the others relative to this head muſt centre, 15, That where the lands are in the manurance of the proprietor, the tithe is a fifth of that rent which they are truly worth, and might have paid, had they been rented to a tenant; and when they are aCually let, it is a fifth of the rent which they now pay, and may pay in all time coming, in conſideration of the fruits. « For carrying the decrees-arbitral, in all their branches, into full execution under the authority of a proper court, a commiſſion was at the ſame time appointed by 1633, with power to the commiſlioners to value and ſell tithes, and to name ſub- commiſſioners for valuing them over all the pariſhes and preſbyteries of the king- dom; to receive reports from the ſub-commiſlioners that had been fir named by s the cc“ «“c ec 1 320 the King in 1627, of the valuations taken before them, and to allow or diſallow the ſame; and to reCtify all valuations led, or to be led, which ſhould appear hurt- ful either to the titular, to the maintenance of the miniſters, or to the King's an- nuity.--Valuations of the greateſl part of the lands over Scotland had beer com= pleted under the authority of the commiſſions of 1627 and 1628, by their ſub- commiſlioners: but unfortunately many of them were loſt; 1/7, By the carrying oft of the whole records of the kingdom to England, during Cromwell's uſurpa- tion, of which the greateſt part periſhed in the veſſel that was bringing them back to Scotland after the Reſtoration 3; and 2d!y, By the great fire in the parliament- cloſe in 1700, which conſumed the records of the tithe-oſfice. << Beſides the other powers granted to the commiſſion of tithes, they were autho- rized to modify reaſonable ſtipends to the parochial clergy out of the tithes.=-By a former commiſſion wbich had been appointed by parliament for the ſame pur- poſe 1617, the loweſt rate of ſtipend that w2s to be modified to any miniſter was 500 merks(257. 55. 632,d.), or five chalders of vi&ual*, unleſs where the whole fruits of the benetice fell ſhort of that quantity; and the higheſt was 1005 merks, (59/7. 115. 1d.), or ten chalders of vidtual. By tbe a& 1633, the minimum was raiſed to 8 chalders of victual, where vidual-rent was paid, or proportionally in money; which proportion is, by a poſterior clauſe in the Nlatute, declared to be 800 merks(40/. 85. 10-2,d.), unleſs where there ſhall be a reaſonable cauſe for giving leſs. But neither that, nor any ſubſequent commiſſions of tithes, were limited, as to their powers of altering the old maximum fixed by the a& 1617: * Vidtual is the name given, in the Scotch law, to any ſort of grain or corn. A chalder of wheat is equal to 16 bolls--equal to 8 quarters 1 buſhel and 395 parts, Winch. meaſure. A chalder of barley or oats is equal to 16 bolls--equal to 11 quarters 7 buſhels and 401 Parts. A chalder of oat-meal is ſold by weight--equal to 128 ſtone, Dutch weight; correſponding nearly to I ton, Avoirdupois. It is much to be regretted, that the a& 1633 had not enatted, that the ſtipend was to be paid in viCtual, or the price of it, as fixed annually by the fiars. The difference to the clergyman is conſiderable; viz. 4 chalders of barley are equal to 64 Z bolls. 4 ditto of meal,-- 64 8 chalders,==-= 128 bolls, at 100 marks the chalder--L. 40 8 1055 The Brice of the Fiars, taken on an Average of 20 Years prior 10 the ſeveral] Dates. In 1654.--4 chalders are equal to 64 bolls of barley, at 125. 4% d. per boll--L. 39 13 4 L Ait 2=). 71641 d1tf0/0F meal, at WUs Td TWENTE Z51T0 OZ 8 In 1717.--4 chalders are equal to 64 bolls of barley, at 125. 63 d. per boll,- 40 40 7- 75,48, 8 5-- Ue: Belus 4 4 ditto,-- 64 ditto of meal, at 115. 27. In 1766,--4 chalders are equal to 64 bolls of barley, at 125. 754. per boll,- 40 9 4 ditto,-- 64 ditto of meal, at 125. 154%-> 38 14;7 72008: 0 In 1789.--4 chalders are equal to 64 bolls of barley, at I5S. 234. per boll,- 48 13 4 4 Mtfo,==- 64 ditto of meal, at 145. 3d.-- 45 12 3 24.5044 3n 1794-4 chalders are equal to 64 bolls of barley, at I5S. I0Xd, per boll,- 50 16 0 ACD„142 64 ditto of meal, at 145. 33d.== 4.145..161.0 R 195-4 «« And therefore, now that the expence of living is ſo much heightened, the com- « miſlion-court exerciſe a diſcretionary power of augmenting ſtipends conſiderably « above that maximum, wherever there is enough of free tithes in the pariſh. «« Where a determinate quantity of ſtipend;, either in money or in corns, is modi- « fied to a miniſter out of the tithes of the pariſh, without proportioning the Kipend « among the ſeveral landholders, the decree is called of modification; but where that “« quantum is alſo localled or proportioned among the different landholders liable in «« the ſtipend, it is ſtyled a decree of modification and locality. « The whole tithes of the pariſh, out of which the ſtipend is modified, are under- “« ſtood to be a ſecurity to the miniſter, till, by a decree of locality, the proportions «<« payable by each landholder be aſcertained. Where therefore a ſtipend is only mo- << dified, the miniſter may fingle out any proprietor he ſhall think fit, who will be « liable in the firſt inſtance, in ſo far as his tithes extend 3; though that ſhould exceed « the quota of ſtipend which might juſtly fall to his ſhare, in proportion with the « other landholders in the parifh. An adtion of recourſe, however, is competent to « the landholder, who, in a modified ſtipend, is thus made liable in the firſt place « againſt the reſt. After a decree of locality, no landholder is liable in more than « the proportion that he is charged with by that decree." "This mode of paying the clergy prevents all diſputes with their pariſhioners: and by every proprietor being able to force a valuation of his tithes, and to purchaſe them at a low rate, if he chuſes, there are but few places where tithes are now paid; and where they are, the quantum is fhxed, and thereby all the inconveniences ſo loudly complained of in England are avoided. The benefit that has accrued to Scotland from the laws concerning the tithes, will in ſome meaſure, I hope, plead my apology for having ſo long treſpaſſed on the reader's patience, by giving ſuch a large extra& from Mr. Erſkine's work concerning them. The tithes in England are generally acknowledged to be a great diſcouragement to agriculture. I apprehend that the principal cauſe of this, is the quantum of the tithe not being fixed.--It is that which makes the farmers comwplain of them as an intolerable burden: for although Mr. Howlet, in his Anſwers to Mr. Vancouyer?s Queries*, ſeems to think, that“if the farmers were wiſe, they would never wiſh for « an abolition of tithes, for what they now contingently get from the moderation of « the clergy, the landlords would immediately put in their own pockets;" Kül I can- not but think(with all deference to the opinion of the reverend clergyman) that the farmer would be a conſiderable gainer, as he would obtain a preciſe knowledge of what he was to pay during the time he kept poſſeſlion of the farm, and would at once get rid of all the trouble and vexation that muſt ever attend the valuation of the tithes, or what is yet worſe, having them drawn in kind. +“The fluctuating value of money, and the very ſmall proportion which moduſ- “ ſes, or real compoſitions, made previous to the diſabling ſtatute, 13th Eliz. now “« bear to the value of tithes chen compounded for, are Convincing proofs that no c« pecuniary modus can be üxed, without the greateſt probability of injuring poſte= * Mr. Vancouver's Agricultural Survey of Eſſex, page 213. + Pryce's Eſlay on Tithes, Vol. IV. of the Bath Papers'on Agriculture. I 6“ rity, 79 EBENE [2B4 5 JI e“< rity. To remedy this evil, proviſion-rents have formerly been adopted. But < a moment's conſideration will convince us, that a commutation of tithes for «““« provifion-rents, or the produce of land in a marketable ſtate, would be liable fo much trouble and abuſe. It would not be eligible even for the farmer; nor can “« it be expected, that the tithe-owner would ever conſent to it."--And the objec- tions made by the clergy, againſt having the value of their tithes commuted into land, appear juſt and well-founded. << The moſt unobjed&tionable commutation is that of a money-payment, chargeable << on the owners of the land now titheable, but to vary with the value of money, in << ſuch a manner as for the ſame income to purchaſe the ſame quantity of the ne «« ceſlaries of life in all times to come.=--The-method of doing this ſhould be as “« ſimple and certain, as little complicated as general, and liable to the leaſt trouble “« poſlible.--In fixing upon one ſingle ſtandard, by which to eſtimate the future value “« of tithes, in proportion to the value of money, or that of the land out of which << they iſſue, perhaps there is no one more proper than that of a buſhel or quarter of << wheat."--This is proved by the pra&ice of Eton College.=-The cuſtom of receiv- ing wheat and malt as part of rent, was begun as far back as 4770 1551*.--Wheat was then reckoned at 8 ſhillings per quarter, and malt at 5 Mhillings per quarter.-- And the juſtneſs of this idea, applied to the payment of tithes, is partly acknowledged by the encloſure-bill for the Langtons in Leiceſfterſhire.+ The livings of Mr. Hanbury are there valued at 600/.--And it is enated, that the commiſlioners for the encloſure ſhall, and are thereby required to aſcertain from, or by the gazette, the average-price of the Wincheſter-buſhel of wheat in the county of Leiceſter, during the term of 14 years| preceding the commencement of the a&(paſſed in 1790) 3 and ſhall, in and by their ſaid award, ſet forth ſuch average-Pprice, and what quantity of wheat, at that price, the ſum of 600/. would purchaſe; and ſhall apportion ſuch ſum among the owners and proprietors of the lands and grounds; and ſhall alſo aſcertain and ſet forth the quantity of wheat which ſhall be equal in value to the proportion of each of ſuch owners and proprietors of land, in the ſaid[um of 600/.--Indeed, afterwards there is a power given, at the end of ſeven A LN LN * See 42d Number of Vol. II. of the Muſeum Ruſticum. The old rent of Compton in money, was-=---=-- ESTO2PA4" O It was altered to rent in money,-----= BOSE AN ERG A Rent in wheat, 20 quarters, at 85. per quarter,-=-- 6.170130 4 Rent of Compton in 1751. The price of wheat, being taken on an average of 25 years prior to that time, was 17. 138. per quarter. So that the rent of Compton in money, was=-=-=- 42:81. 45.0 PIA Value of 20 quarters of wheat, at 1/. 135. per quarter,-- 5 33 0 7 ,. 4 4 0 Andif the rent had been all paid in wheat, the value of the rent, in 1751, would ii ISOPE 76 been vpwards of------ S 3 5 5 + Page 567. of Vol. XV. of the Annals of Agriculture. + By the prices of Leiceſterſhire, the average of 14 years, ending with 1790, was about 1. 135, 2d. per quarter; ſo that 362 quarters of wheat might be ſaid to be equivalent to 600, Years, [4.355 1 years, of reviewing the price of wheat z; and in caſe it ſhall appear, that the average price of a buſhel of wheat is more or leſs than the average-price thereof ſet forth in the ſaid award, by the value of 3. per buſhel or upwards, the ſaid yearly rent is in- creaſed or diminiſhed in proportion. This, with all due ſubmiſſion to the legiſlature, does not entirely correſpond with the idea of a corn-rent, and it 15 nearly the ſame as a modus; whereas a corn-rent makes the payment of tithes riſe or fall in the ſame proportion that the value of money, or of the neceſſaries of life, riſe or fall. It is many years ſince I firſt thought of this method of commuting the tithes: I was led to it, by reflecting on the manner of paying the miniſters ſtipends in Scot- land; and I rejoiced to have this opinion confirmed by Mr. Pryce of Saliſbury, in his valuable Eflay, on the moſt pradticable method of fixing an equitable commutation for tithes in general throughout the kingdom.--We differ indeed in one point z Mr. Pryce propoſes*, that a certain proportion of the parties intereſted in the tithes ſhould conſent, before the meaſure could be adopted. This, I am afraid, would produce great wrangling and diſagreement among the parties: and being firmly perſuaded, that the meaſure is greatly for the advantage of the individuals intereſted in the pay- ment, as well as for the community at large, I could wiſh that a bill was brought into parliament, compelling the tithes in every pariſh to be valued, and the commu- tation for them to be paid by a corn-rent enforced on all. Whether the mode of valuing the tithes was taken from the Scotch law, or whe- ther they were valued by commiſſioners choſen as propoſed by Mr. Pryce, or in the manner ſuggeſted by Mr. Pitt in his Agricultural Survey of Staffordſhire, it would make but little difference: The great obje& would be obtained by any of theſe me- thods--the having the value of the tithes fixed. In whatever way the value of the tithes are taken, an accurate ſurvey and plan of the lands ſhould be made(as propoſcd by Mr. Pryce):<“ As the boundaries and names of lands, as well as the owners, are « frequently changed; and, in proceſs of time, fences are grubbed up and deſtroyed; « ſeveral encloſures made into one,:or one divided into ſeveral; and the ancient « names forgotten. Hence it 15 not uncommon to find, that an old terrier without « a plan 1s unintelligible. « And the commiſlioners award ſhould be drawn up, and lodged with a plan and « terrier, ſetting forth the lands, chargeable and exempt, the money-payments now « fixed by the corn-rents, and the quantity of wheat that was to be given for the « tithes from the ſeveral lands to be mentioned; and the prices of it that were to be « annually paid, by the prices of the wheat of the county, taken off the average of the « year from the tables of the collector of corn-returns, as printed in the gazette; and « that price ſhould be payable to the clergyman, or lay impropriator, at the term of «« Candlemas, and the ancient moduſſes allowed in the hands of the clerks of the << peace; and a copy of the ſame ſhould alſo be lodged in a box or cheſt, within the «« church or chapel of the pariſh where the lands and tithes are fituated.--If any of << the eſtates ſhould afterwards be divided, and alienated in ſeparate parcels, the plan << will always ſhew the lands originally charged. And the quota for each parcel, es after ſuch diviſion, may be fixed by agreement of the parties, at the time of ſuch * See page 103. of Vol. IV. of the Bath Papers on Agriculture, « alienation, 0.36] « alienation, or by two afleſlors*."--And.1 am perſuaded, that this mode of goms= muting the tithes would pleaſe the clergy and lay impropriators, as they would re- joice at ſeeing a probability of having the revenue from the tithes keep pace with the value of the rents, and at the ſame time free them from all trouble and vexation in colleCting it. In the Agricultural Report of Effex, by Mr. Vancouver, it is ſtated, that the rent; on an average, may be reckoncd at 1494. 6d. per acre, and 34. 52d. for tithesz ſo that, to uſe the Scotch law-phraſe, the ſtock and teind(7. e. tithes) is near to 184. per acre. Mr. Vancouver ſays, that the riſe of tithes, in 20 years, was about 19, LE duper acre. . A few years before that time, Mr. Arthur Young, in 7 R one of his Tours, ſtated the average-rent of Eſſex at ky 22,5 7 "The tithe was then, by Mr. Vancouver's conjeCture, about 2=--| Z a 012: 14, Sper-acre. Stock and tithe,- GEE SENE IE GEIER 15.44 One-fifth of 155. 4d. was 38. 03d. The price of wheat, on an average of 25 years prior to that time, was 12 165. der quarter, or 45. 64. per buſhel, which is equal to 15. 114. per peck. Suppoſing that the commutation for tithes had taken place at the time Mr. Young wrote, the quantity of wheat that would have been allotted to the clergyman, or lay impro- priator, would have been, 2 pecks of wheat, at 19. 11d. per peck,-= 13.0:31 28"«3 I gallon, at 63d. per gallon,-==- 07 407.002: 2 quarts, nearly 13d. per quart,---= O.O:, 35 Total,---= ETO IV 287 LI: The average-price of Eſfex, according to Mr. Cawtherwood's Tables, as men- tioned in the Annals of Agriculture, on an average of 25 years, was about 2/. 25. 84 Per quarter, which is equal to 55. 4d. per buſhel, and 395. 4d. per peck 3; ſo that the value of tithes would have ſood in 1794, 2 pecks of wheat, at 18. 4d. per peck,=- MONT 09 I gallon, at 84. per gallon, S= is: u O70- 8 2 quarts; at 27. per quart, 8> 5 DE- 0 01 "Dotal,---- Ls o 3.18 This account I think proves, that the clergy would be rather gainers by this mode of commuting the tithes. At the ſame time,“ the huſbandman and landlord being 5“ freed from all trouble and vexation, a more vigorous cultivation would enſue: << and the clergyman and his pariſhioners may thus be united in one band of ſocial “ union, and every diſagreeable animoſity forgotten and annihilated for ever+." + Page 1178. of Vol. IV. of the Bath Papers.+ Vol. IV. of ditto. TO SIR JOHN SINCLAIR, BART. PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. DEAR SIRy 1 HAVE at length ventured to give you an account of the huſbandry of the ſmall diſtrict that you aſigned me. At your requeſt I cheerfully undertook the Survey of the County of Clackmannan, as I thought that I could eafily ſpare time from my pri- vate affairs to deſcribe thoſe things which I was daily obſerving. I was not, however, aware of the extent and diſiiculty of the undertaking, when I conſented to include in my Report, a few details concerning ſome of the adjacent pariſhes, and parts of the country, which I had but little opportunity of ſeeing, and in which I am not ac- quainted with many of the farmers, and ſo could have but ſmall knowledge of their prattice of agriculture, and ſtill leſs of their opinions, and object in other branches of huſbandry. I wiſhed, at one time, to deſcribe every thing of conſequence relative to our man- ner of managing eſtates and farms in this corner: but I ſoon found, that MY pri- vate affairs, and numerous, but unavoidable avocations, ſo often interrupted me, in the courſe of my writing down the reſult of the communications I had procured from the ſeveral pariſhes, or the thoughts that naturally occurred to myſelf on this im- portant fubjeet, as to make this impoſſible. I have even been frequently diſpoſed to throw aſide my papers, and to requeſt of you, to employ ſome perſon, poſſeffed of more knowledge and leiſure, to draw up the account; but you prefled me ſo ar- dently, from time to time, to give ſuch information as I had received, that I con- fented to proceed in my attempt. Thinking me dilatory, you over-perſuaded me to print the ürſt part of the Report, before I had drawn up one half of it; which circumſtance, I am afraid, has occaſioned many repetitions, and made it far more diffuſe than otherwiſe it would have been; ſo that I cannot but regret that.I com- K plied, TO SIR JOHN SINCLAIR, BART. plied, in this particular, with your requeſt;=-which, however, I am convinced, was made only with the view of ſtimulating me to finiſh my account; but which, I am afraid, had rather the contrary effe&t Notwithſtanding I have been ſo late in ſend- ing to you theſe ſheets, I am ſenſible that ſtill I have omitted many things which deſerve attention. It will therefore give me much pleaſure, if the huſbandmen who live in different parts of this country, and who are beſt and moſt intimately ac- quainted with the rural induſtry of the inhabitants, embrace the opportunity afforded them by the circulation of this Sketch, to correct what is erroneous in it, and to ſupply what is deficient. I know the farmers in this diſtri&, an intelligent, liberal- minded claſs of men, are well able, and I hope will ever be diſpoſed, to aſliſt in pro- moting the important obje& of the inquiries now carrying on by your Honourable Board, the advancement of Britiſh agriculture and internal improvements. I am aware too, that my Narrative might have contained all the little information it has in much leſs room; but it requires more pradice in writing than what I am maſter of, to arrange and compreſs my thoughts. Indeed, had you not honeſtly acquainted me with the neceſſity and reaſons for my completing this taſk as ſoon as poſible, I would by no means have ventured to ſubmit to you this Report in the crude ſtate in which you find it. I have then to beg of you, and the Board of Agri- culture, as well as all thoſe who may chance to peruſe it, to forgiye its numerous imperſeCtions; while I muſt lament my raſhneſs in undertaking a buſineſs, in which nothing but my zeal for huſbandry, the firſt of all profeſlions, not only-in the order of time, but importance, and my wiſh to promote your general objet, could ever have induced me to engage. I moſt fincerely wiſh every ſucceſs to the laudable exertions of the Board of Agriculture. I have the honour to be, My dear Sir; Tower'of Alloa,; Your moſt obedient humble Servant, zoth March, 1797. J. F. ERSKINE. PAFFACE TO THE TABLEESTOFFHE PRODOUCE'OFEGRAIN,.& 7: as following ſtatement of. the produce of a farm for ſeveral years, is not given as being complete, or as affording any rule for the conſtruttion of other Tables. It may help however to ſhew what knowledge an accurate farmer might obtain, if he would but take the trouble of minuting every material circumſtance that occurs in the ſow- ing ſeaſon; the kind of weather during the growth of the crop; and the charadter and accidents of the harveſt: for althbugh ſeveral of the particulars, at the time, might appear trivial, yet a regular account of them taken year after year, would very poſ- Gbly lead to concluſions of great importance in agriculture. If even fimilar accounts of the principal farms in this diſtrict could have been obtained, great information might have been gained: By them we Mhoyld have been able to judge, whether the price of grain, by the fiars, proceeded from the good or bad ſeaſons in the diftritt, or whether(which is the moſt probable) they were aifected more by the general price of corn in the country at large. By theſe Tables it appears, that even in ſome of the moſt unfavourable years, ſtill ſome one kind of grain generally has a good produce. The regiſter would have been ſtill more complete, if to this general account of the rate of the produce, had been added ſome other circumſtances 3 ſuch as, Why the guantity of ſeed varied in different years?--What was the particular quality of the ſoils of the ſeveral fields that were ſown with the various grains?--How often the ſame kind of grain had been repeated on the different fields? Cc. There are alſo ſome omiſſions in the Tables of the produce, which is to be regret- ted; for no notice has been taken of the beans and peaſe crop, nor of the hay or paſture. The"Fables are therefore given only to lead the minds of young farmers to accuracy in their proceedings. How ſatisfaCtory muſt it be to a young beginner to reflect, that every minute obſervation recorded, tends to improve his knowledge, and to make him motre corre& in the pra&ice of agriculture! What pleaſure muſt it give him as he advances! What fund of information, of every kind, muſt it afford, not only to himſelf, but even to thoſe who come after him! It is from a wiſh to promote this attempt, that this ſtatement has been extended; and the compiler has been induced to undergo the labour with cheerfulneſs, although the time it took, and the trouble of writing it out, were not ſmall. To many people the Tables may appear tediouſly mi- nute; but it is hoped, that none will deem them altogether uſeleſs. Had time allowed, ſome more particular hints would have been ſubmitted on the great importance, and beſt form, of keeping farm-accounts--a buſineſs in which common huſbandmen are too negligent z; and gentlemen, cultivating their own lands, are ſtill more ſo, often to their incalculable diſadvantage. An "An Account of the Seed and Produce of“ Wheat on a“ Sceotch.Acre,„and the.Yalue of“ it at.the Fiars Price, during 15 Yoars, on a Farm in the County of Clackmanunan. SCHADE“ IH WEILS 7 EEN DIBEE KEISEIES nA)» *»| Rate| Value of the 2.0120| Value of the|Totat Value of ES| 5 Seed Produce per Produce 9 5/3 DS Straw the Produce Z: p o| KE[Per'S-acre. per 8. acre.| Boll.| per S. acre. 706 iS per'S. acre.| per'S. acre.|>Z“ X E+P. L.|BSESSP. 6 163) 240. 517708 10 I, 51 1.9, ZUN AZ. S|0197; 1781.12*2 66|101.0 22 13 181 20 080B1E ATL EZ|ir 01.65 3110 12/56 1313) 10:16 82|2>2."3|10/ 2 52 01123! 0120274138 5 01454 TL). 1033 37. SOLE" T44. 14.830322! 04.15; | 83 62 2. S2 8102 2202) TBL"01 00.0918 5. 101907 TL 0013.52(6) 02.132.148 4. 261 13 84 18 1 2170102 01 35/201" 0NITE610/866 TL 44644 4„ 201124(0 1067 131.06 24630. 12 83 122 481 91.1. 36 10S! GNBENLN X STO L 1 TA41100+"GILO5 3 10200 907271 54 86 13'2 /101| 712 10 vo/18i 6 648813 09.27 14505 TL 204.24. 61:57 18 17 20158 2450 H 87 3: 3 01|8./00.424 Dr 6LTELO49 71.01.4006 I: 1901000 0.10 127.2005516110 88 13;"0 41.61 15120) 01. 6028.07.-200808 1 LIE LND 2:19 4X0: 7101075 504) 5 89:|2 2 21:01 1<1122)231'olnr0074.10:00508 X TT1609"8172: 0 02000 160.44, 1790(21./2' 2/19 13 1.1221 62215163 131033 T-- NOL SOlr4. 2 17:0 4 191 16 os 2 2 WIN 10 1020/20). 0! 8020150 447 T.- T417 63) 9:4 74 E1: 19|65 8%.42 92.2..2...1|.9. 10 io: Fo|201 l02900.0 5,30 TL. 122107 SPjXO 12.1207 2046 1480 14 93.13 4.2.9 0 52:50 2341|79120 495 0450 TL: 1011..D Im LOVO 3614. 1144950 94|2 3 3/90 1.701221 6rOtVZ TO: 61605 I„A975 3.20;: JOU.) 18..221048 4 ZU UEK06S OS: 122 I IE OE EI| 45. OINNORS 10154 O1 Ae 1 02.00 08 4.0 143... 471702 Average- ez' 3 01 8 3 12 70/22 2f ob15 105 716.509 TL, 176.10 SITE 7 1827 SO|45 18472 1798 12'2"210.3 bx 161227. En 27080 3 4.316353 rF 19 6 ird."2m 47 17011 16 1788|. 50 2:6) 1 52. 63125. 0699850 I 261508 1 1470 719/10. 667.06 8 Difference. 0 ix 31.4 1.02.42 5945 14125 0. 419..0116 2175.26) 818 An Account of the Produce of Wheat on a Farm in the County of Clackmannan, on an Average of 15 Years, From 1781 to 1795 incluſive, on an Engli/h acre, Wincheſter Meaſure. 5 ö| De Value of the E 1)| Value of the|Dotal Valueof| Seed Produce Prodice 19:53/5% Straw the Produce| per E., acre.| perE, aere: 1|per|E. aere:=>| per E. acre.| per E. acre.| 18,.P3. 165 9J)2. B,PD.G% D4.0. die E16.0 dD SIL dr LEE Ayerage.| 25078 313.04 129 01 07 m3 9/9 OſHoS2iNM 5 oO 8,4018! 49 9| Average. 19.99 27.00.00.31|4"273 0 71:19 441.01:540 34084 307 87 1007 12.02 1799--Beſt Crop. 1'108! W2320.700 7" 042+4+20. 111 3816:6 0:00 399|x3 4 II 916 5 9 9j1788--Worlft Crop. Difference BEE 141:6 400 0) 214 0.4970 31 0098 5020 4 16 4. 3|Difference. An Account of the Seed and Produce of Barley on a Scotch. Acre, and the Value of it at the Fiars Price, during 15 Years, on a Farm in the County of Clackmannan. 2: SE; 4:|B 2.525 85 32| (=P 5-3 7 VENN : Value of the 2 em| Value of the|Total Valueofiq 2|5 8 E Seed Produce Rate Produce|2 5/2 4 Straw the Produge 3.= oj 5 JverS.acre.| per. S. acre.| per Boll.| per 8. acre. 2>|s per-Svacre-.| Per.9- acre. 12,9(5>|] > k TeBe he 1 W| KEP NB DA PAL|9.. 4 SUD. 6. LAND 37|96.1 8. 407 CUE 1.0 83| 912 Sh. TEEN 12 RL)+3 71.040). 103. 4.[4.18% 4 5041 55|L. 41 0 GH 24 GO 10)! L7 E23 1113. 04.2 1123 0: 372527 0.4560 0310 108/411 210121 4 SB 12, 2 1.1../9.0. 208.6 Zz 98 11.310645 Txt CO, DO 601.8) 110 50)&ONOELO) 12 SA 1:2 22 LS TVT- 3 /00..6-[8.102 4100757 DELT 50 0/9,4114 0.40.78 091 19 8%) 172,4 37 118 21.0 D/166./0 4 1500 578 DE 4>I 5 14 10 854.81 19 856 159.40 11018 32-118 0)(7228110009655 SSB 24: ed NOE 12550108 55) DL SH 2,12«27 3 12. 2107 0 65:4.0644 01.20 40,18 1.4.52%0| 0,791:12 88.154 2 2107 322 0114.04[7 06317 2 1.0762 DETE 401%| 8) IR TT(0109-51 15 S5 1.0.9206 11 2.50|08: 0| 05409 1|000 19,45. 40:4 16, 159! 59 7 10| II DOH. 3+ 0298.20 1174.61| 00 14:9 672 DE 8.40 LIEN BETEL TOTEM OE DK 2 4110/10861 2.33 233909. 8 71 CL0! 9.615530 LEI 2«1 8: 102 70 161. 5..168) 153 OB 0153 21111 302 01251.0 4 4011150 585 e 1044.44 7010.14]+4 SOM 9 10 O8 2 I7 1310: 28.3 Sorg: 61|6.712.54491057 5617 24 607: 174 10 01181 21 Ko OU: 124 W2 M7 196. D4 00042(22:6 6,-.0.12..061563 161 534 45. 5017 1331 58 81.4019 OB 12402. 032/18.0100...13] 24.10] JO 0150 578 5 0 SED 3.4069) 1291161: 201.1 7 Average.|2 2 216 3 uirs 9 66.41051.964 GGS ALTERS] MRKON O 7,2 011 10 008.12)! 2 210 36/2 046 75811 2 o762 LED 08| 8 MIL 801.10 305 12182| 2,99 M8: 0/1 2 14/128: 0 2 242.7.2'% 0/8456 DLLED 70 4) 3607 Or 2-1: 44 Difference.| 9"0: 316 2 3 3 Z/PLL10 306 OAO. 3.[44-1821 50 5 8 I An Account of the Produce of Barley on a Farm in the County of Clackmannan, on an Average of 15 Years, From 1781 10 1795 incluſive, on an Engliſh Acre, Wianchefter Moafure. | Ei. ZO Value of the 3 Value of the|VotalValueof| Seed Produce Prodüce.| Straw the Produce per E. acre. per E. acre..| per E. acre. Z>| per E. acre.| per E. acre. 8] BD. G.00/N9. iB. PING. O be) di 18 RN NN ESEL IIS Average:| 341 05.014. 3.0. 0) 044477121 6149121+ 04 15.6415 168 I Average. 1188) 193"57/10, 3 6« 203 2: I 5 124) 88 61.509.117 51.05.16 47 8. 6j4788=-Belt Grop- MS 21 22700/4218 42.03: 01142 110,50 36 51/0192 TFF 264 35.-.10..0 6|1782--Worft Crop. Difference. 0 0-3 314 6 3 x 1|2 I5 10 6244|0 10 0 04,2 E35, IT Difference. An Account of the Seed and Produce of Qats on a Scotch Acre, and the Falue 6f it at the Fiars Price, during 15 Years, on a Farm in the County of Clackmannan. = 3-) EIE 2858| Value ofthe| 2 4/25 Value of the|Total Value of|< v 1 5 Seed. Produce Rate Produce|2=|2 4 Straw the Produce|„2|S u | 3 jpervo.acre.| per 8. acre.| per Boll.| per S. acre. PE is per S. acre.| per S. acre.- ke E07 FEE PRLAE NB VPE EP Lf 6. 5 40 SUD SIE LTIISS D.(is 55 AUSN 05: 2.07: 863(9428.58, DAS.(3) 35.200.079. 53.-011404 SIL Le ORAL 21 10892004 1120046: ZORNS 7 62.113: 32 0184: 20220 0.1865;& 3.404000 450 LS SD INOW 12 1277.2:20018 1:4 5 6,3:1112 4 3912(0; 120000 2.105. 01 ELS TIT 287 OD I9m1. 65 NO0mp 2 632 9 SA 3 mn Dr 2 27er 4 AEI 2 EG 0 meg 437 5.0501:548 L 14/53 1417 01848 0105 24...8 8,5 113 5.41(164 12 WEr I ND2 16: 7[A SU ZE 51409 LDL CO 46 05 K3..107 07300144) 407 80.113 LZ(10) 10433 2(14-49 6 2. 9m0s 01507 T 16 5:0 ONO 5501 MOIEN 211 157 8/7.13 452 408 41 13. 42173 07.1115 18 3.010192 L| 16/4 4.017, Mo 7 2015184 109 88.13. 1 5.211187 10 8 001022405 2 2100.20 20010026 TL:-L28:50 691.01. 500. 113 E01 51.44) 0 89:13| 14/4.107(2 147 42,103& 00 4) ZU ZU OEHO 432 L) 598,10 FE97G8i0 SIE 1790-18-1-:268---:03 74:8 GO NL128-2 0807 LT. 175.38 KO|W7 00870:.:9 94.|3 3.53.1149. 22.242 BZ(46740 4(7.264200 41477 L. 19/20:5..0- 14 407. 82 4470,1-30 92.|3 2 40/8. 2 21 AB 46:6: 2|6.05 4 44 36504 1 DEZ NO TL MODO AEZ ÜEELDEN: DO 93.13 552 SON: 10 00.83) 105 0 UE LIS LSO SM ZEN X 8:9(907 44506 20115540 8 04 131 0.242.181 10/12. 20120 EO 6 1.07K0 508 LT. E1..4.0 8.380 51. 20,70 O5.|3"71 BI 146 I 12.42.1200"10% 4073100 0.005027 1. 12.0 8,018;..- 5573 0€ 31.01.0407 Average. 3.1 52: I 3.214:9 05.10.45(487 I. 19.30 49,6: 19:19 431554%.28 LA9T 3 3.2319: 2 2 52.105225|B 541105 057 LE 4 DE 79 8 DIET 4 T| 710 182: 18:(.3"0 014) 21 2.40|110:0 2 M45510 450 O0..27.21. 005 42 Wei KONS 1146: 35 Diffeience.[10:1::0 431558. 0. 0 42 ZE MONO 27) O;; 1E9AO: 703: 1227151 2014/8401: 35 From 1781 ta 1795 ncluſßve, on an Engli/h Acre, Wincheſter Meaſure. Average. 1791 1782 Diſference.| = GG-. 5,0 Valne of the| 3;j| Value of the|VotalValue of Seed Produce Produce'|3 5 Straw the Produce per E. aere: peri. acre) 3per Eade. Z FADEN AKE 4 SPERHELTAGKE: Bu BAG) DBB NDH ZO ADS 8.14.25 ZUS 8% H NENTE S SN SIED Als IN 5O8) 1 ON LAER 57535 2:4 10.21 12: 1474 108 803. 10113.93)002453. 23 5-9 AAS4:. LM 4.2. 108-0 O8, 115 1340.1.110113 9.5 10.003 6:17: 5 428,5 31208 7.4 20 2012418152810 204(T0221. 4,2 000070,4 SSTP: ZIA TL E.0 ZN TZIANGOS WM DEL. 02171 3 6bjAverage. 611791--Beſt Crop. 3|11782--Worſft Crop. 3|Difference. An Account of the Produce of Oats on a Farm in the County of Clackmannan, on an Average of 15 Years, Än Account of the Produce of Wheat, Barley, and Oats, an a Scotch Acre; and the Average of the Three G1 "ains, with their yearly Value, 8 y 4 in: 5/8|Avcftge Value 8 Produce of| Produce of| Produce of Average of the| Average Value ED z| ofthe 3 Kinds|Total Value of, ES Wheat Barley Oats 3 Grains jofthe 3Grains| 5 Z| of Straw per| the 3 Grains „ per S. acre.| per S. acre.| per S. acre.| per S. acre.| per S. acre. pe] Gs| 9. ere: per 8. acre. e 3 16.5 18-2210 BBR PB|B2: NP.|B BASIL Edi 0 Dr. wu 4: SI WOL NE 1781 Jie o 2 3 10.102 0 OHO. 36 101077 30. 0. 2. 12060154 10 M) 432011 22 1x 6 19. 0654 82 io 2 2-7 3406 2 alu 49 2403 064.1 32 S0 10 3.0 NOG 3 7 7 15 1080 SR 82-2020 100 5270 2201.05 2 0.18 10 02.227 3.| 0.165 205 WAGE 44 28 OO REIEN SM[00 2 DDI 18 41 10 ZU TETEN 212: 30.0..018 2 0.062910 18 46 10.16 6 5 83| 9 1 00/5 20.0116 SENSEO DNE: 010 5281„8 IN 0618 5 9 86 7. 2 ORO(0443. 1 I1:0 01.401218.3 0 1/|722-.2. 09805 S3. 5.0 87 BOE gO 3 1022 285 48 2:38 1D,4885:10/ 535 10| 6-00 5 AUM. IN 4 M8 2.53 86.170 167.2 12 19 13 2..01840 2082 0 5,4 216 2 IT S34/50806 12 DD U.10.1086 8071.01 EL: 12116 41.2 24. GO SOI ZS Ier 12 18 16.22.01 0-09 09 NOU LAD 58 FI erl) TGA 10.7 3.9 1970.17 1. 3. 01585 I. GU 2911828/.32... 7..12408 5 O 50 OELE RL-Gilro 0.20 SEE. 0.07: 0 117. 82.47 9 022228: GD 12...12147 WUZ DOLEG 401-009 SE. 08.520 | 9. 0 80 10[9423 2,2. O0) ZEE IERT II 3 MEH OEUSE04 JINTZONN. Os 5: 6.43. 3862 IREEN 034215901100. 2 9098 KO 875 OLLI 3 ELIE 20002 1233| 0082 O NSZINL 89.8. 01/0 0: 8:26 94 9558 Bae|S 1.5 RO SZ ROE O2 0 02 32... 0... OU Walle dl E3D)| SINSIEL NUEOD 9.4 2-.2200.44 DIEGO TIE GENS O0 0.4341:0. 1,214. 20.0 2. 3410.10 10 0 259105. 708 0) ORTOL10 2X 0 ANLAGE.-72 0.116 537.36 41978 I7 9. 20|.5 37 0. 2017 22 3 70143080 O8 66 3.8 11: 7 79010. 3. 29 017... M R38 DUS Z0 H 4:18; MIES 5 07 20 102A10 DIE IE 0310. 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Kerſe Bear.|: Dry-field Bear.| Muirland Bear. Meal. White Kerſe Oats.| Dry-feld Oats.| Black OQats. [am 4 8: Average Average Average Average| 73. Average Average Avera- Average SEEN Be BUN E30: Per Boll. DEO EE 19: Dan DESSEN 103 Boll.| fz0v, Per Boll, APR8 Per Bolt Maat Per Boll. GEE js Da EZENTG . NIE VER ENSE EE de DE STETEN RNS 20 GEE IEP WE Pr I0 EE ROMS 31. 22) 112088772 SEITEN EE ZE SU| 282778 R DR 204008. de M EEN DOA ZEE 0 0 O8 02,107: 0-D|BATTO.4 7167,04(13. 0 O3 a 05 5 G Z| IG15 3-2 8)137 201. ERSZG624)13: 0 2 1105 ve Oo 7:8: 0 13 O WITOLTO/NEL 6 DANTT NOWA 10 3 IL< 66x72 6 172 70 2 ZEE(06:5 Ho) DETTE 7 NOL 19-4 28 o HET 41 GOO S(W72.272.0|134 09.|I4T10E U72. 02. 137 0. Sire oe 12: OG IL90F 34 NID0€ IEE 07.0 0|De0 4,8 o ZENOHO | 20 0.4(12 0 20|D34.4 2 BIZ 0 1712. 0..103/9 8 Siro“ 65 12 05 IFI 2 02/001-6:5 1DM2G O3 10 1.16. 200.8& 1:20. 4 817 9- IT 12 005: O2 RAID ED D3N 4. BILD 3IDE 0 DZ: 04|B4 3 1 9)61 05 IKE TEBSIOF OD NOZIO ZU E.40„. IT 0(09.0005(157 ST LU 2 0444 QS ESER FL OITZ 0 LAUDE LOO 10: 8(DT 14 010 07 RENO|9 OR BOE 2201 755 9 G0107.,8 TBO) DS 4014(WM 2.1 11096.00 15.4. ES 6. 14.3 oro 6 19 4(13€ TE ZL 0[FRO TOMO OILNNDEZO 3(0 43 6.2 | NE OLE MMSENL SS(IRE 1:22 WR NOT(M2 4.5(L44 5-14 3110 61 12.2. 12 4 13. 3 817-6 220 A|0OS 0-2 F9 10 007€ 8: 2 I0 S2(U N004. 76 9290.01[iG 112122. 9 14.10 12i19 0/12: 6 218 8 KSE EI OS SOS N22.2 AI 0 IE 50 olr1 Oo 824 6 S0 NONSENS[897 0 1 NOS 307 618.0. ZIG ol.12. 8>16 0 4 1 GOG O7 02 46 581 0 21/08 3 io Oo 85-0 4| 20 0 1810) TOTO? Ö NON AUE| DOI OL 05 2 ENE LDE| B2STO 100|D41.3. Ns 64 12247 j24 S4|TT.+4 9| ODEO SEL ONTO 5188 647|D8700 jx6 65(16 2 ALE a BB DE 0 6 12 S 162 06 BI 2 0 IO 06 NEO 553 TOO: 0 a WII 6/28.'6+ 128.0 j8 2 PEE RE» 97 O0€ NSL OLSONSE OM(LAS. IDs 4 MD 21247 0:8[027861000 121 1675[14 3 77118- 6 507.0 1411 17 OEG 080 70) 53)(07 OM H MOTED TONG 0 y D ona 4 12.8 AL 0. DM 0 1608 6 IDI6 7|P2 6 u 3 rOF7 6 8511.15 8120 OE NSE 0080) 1205.08|00328/ 5703 69 15.2 1yx0 6 12. 9 81121 8(4.07.0020. BD 61(EPO HUN 165 2) 402 4 0258. 01.11 0080808 80(08510 1|N6N107 416 61" 65. 3.2603 617|p2 15 ZIL 0 Ep I 2036.06. 12.18 02: 6 mE 6 8 0 SET 52E0 1790| 221 6| jn90: 4<6j1m 6 16.5236. 6 DIN 4 AUS 41|R2.50 OS 4|F4 2 4/09 8|1210 81 0466 000(107277250118. 0 OR AEI W| SOE 104.2(NOU E45 0[NON 0% ITG: 7 08...0:4 0940 206.017 1357024) B5 48(M1 2 3 DE OE(BIBO 23| 1145 O1 115.10 5(2 GEF 30 2 SER SES Y| 801435 781208 0:&(76118)(3201 0,[15 53(87 6) 13. x ONG 5:(1402 2504 6 2 IE wS 0(11 IO 018 16 82 D3.20| 5) 2901 041 DOH. AN 00.0 5[10770"T085 6: 15 8*r0|13 61) 113 2 616 8. 22.201601 O9(320 14597. 0 M2) SON A L3 FO S5.209 19 Z| 221 01(DORO: 7 22/2 0 1(WPGO- HIL 6. 16.0 TUL3 6 5245 DONG 14 3 466 0 15.02 6W5 ov wa 1 6ID.6 SEDE Average Average Average Average Average Average| Average Price per Price per Price per Price per Price per Price Per| Price per Quarter, Quarter, varter. Boll. Quarter. Quarter. Quarter. 14 ZD 06 DS WE dE 248 0.1 EE. en - IRD WS(5 2 4M2 25,10 23 EI SIED! LOHTO 2 GIIT3 DOU? 61 6:3 OE 661 IEE UNSEHT 38. 3 212.342 205.0..2 be 394 16 6 15. 2 10 IO Difference, or Riſe.|12 8 9 9222 082| SIE ALDI G 3 6 5 Ir 4"4„] N. B. The Wheat is Sold by the Linlitlizoau or Standard Meaſure; the other Grains by the Stirling-ſhire- meaſure. The Prices per Zuarter are calculated accordingly. A Boll of Wheat, Linlithgow-meaſure, A Boll of Barley or Oats, Stirling-ſhire-meaſure, A Boll of Wheat or Peaſe, Stirling-ſhire-meaſure, Buſh. Peck. Gal. Quart. 4 Oo Oo 127 N abvom EqMUalLtOFSION IN EIS OE MEILE DEO Iy ngliſh Statute-meaſure. Grey Oats. Peaſz?. AEN EESEE| “1| Average Average: Average 0% Ba| EIN Per Boll. DP Z0EE Per Boll. WF20 AH = Z E Z| (EN SIE R ä pa 1 AMNGEU nen IEE SINS LEE ED s|| IA, O0: 12 2.9109 0 5|15 4 18) 100 12, 530 20107 5-0: 105 9 4] TOH05(2.9223) 04. 0:5 2108 7 2| NODE 151: 00 197.0:(88.6 2 9 09 jI1 Ix 10/14 6“. 135: 4 6) 3" 6 052811128. 6 021 17 104.207 ZERS! 2:0 M 0721000 12 6. 100. 6 10 7 6) 3 6 41.20.0020: 02 2 3 407.000. 1008| FG 45.9 8|MS5E0 12-6 225 6 7 o 114 o F2/ 05 w|21 0 1" DI 73 M. IF2 7 2121. 0„07 0.407 |€ 6 021...4: MDT. O1 077 MIED |(R4.4.0 F 025 5 6/19 O„JB= 514 | AD BRE E91 2/2686 4|19 OE UT. 10010 |(12 5(02: 2 10jx6 6[17 68 4 |z8 6 V2740 9,19[e] DB 101 [WZ 0716 10:25 01 0/0070 SOLI 14:32 ZO 5228 13. 4(12. 6 0)/22..6 8873 14.0 126.57 2023210 EG) 51109 1904. 08MIN SEE SNN ZI OS IMS 7100 Dy O8(M2 17 1..012068 O5 1084 DEA 4 Average Average | Price per Price per | Quarter,| Quarter. | SES AE SA| 10: 23 . 14 4 9 FL: 50-710 | E07) 23:80 || LE S2 F2: EO Table»f Compa 1/on L e Läi th he 06mm ar 10t 0 2 9W 0 4 a . 4-. C iT. of Glaſz. Pricess| | 7 2/7. Pri, Edinburgh Prices, per jCommiſ/. Gly, Pries EU EIT UM of Barley.| alf; inburgh Pric Comimiſ.:of Glaſs. Prices, 11 of Meal. Per Boll of Meal.| 4 i0. of Glaſg. Prices,| Bdinburgh Prices, per 1 of Barley. 2 HOE ui 1| Average of| EE ADEN GE 346 E51 EDE Bo11 of Barley. PEN EN I u Annual| Average of|| Annual| Average 2 Rd E50 EE 29 ears.|% Q,. 7 2 O.>ars."ICCS.-- 5 | val| Average of| Annual| Average of SEE BEH O Enie 228 SRS Ei I 2 ZZ|-<| SZ ED Annual rege 3 IEM 20 Years. Prices. 20 Years. rice 15% Zz 1"Zz NT ZZ:“1 a 8 d Qa KEEE-| SIE dE SINE A Prices.|: 20 Gars,= GE Z<=S< ai Ca. me% 58 155 iE T2.'O 2143. 4 TOME Dw 11 ZS"Z S d, Sh. I. Ses de S|Ss de Sho ds 1757 Z 8. JLI.5 315 R) 12 Maa BEN R 2 Da 11010) STANDE ZIL 58 5| X JENSEN d.<|;"G G EE: TB:8.. O 19- 58 NO 0 1410 4[5 3 In Sas 5 IX IL 71.9 3 4 6 4| 171'10 8 9: 11 2 10 67-9 DT. 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